区块链及其典型特征

区块链技术是一项创新且发展迅速的新型技术，为各行业的发展提供了新的动力和可能性。随着全球数字化的加速推进和经济全球化的发展，区块链也成为了世界范围内的研究和应用的热点。但在了解区块链技术前，我们必须要对其概念有一定的了解。

Block-chain technology is an innovative and rapidly developing new technology that provides new impetus and possibilities for the development of industries. As global digitalization accelerates and economic globalization develops, block-chains also become a hot spot for research and applications worldwide.

一、区块链技术的概念

I. Concept of block chain technology

区块链技术是一种分布式存储数据库技术，以非对称加密算法为基础，以改进的默克尔树为数据结构，使用共识机制、点对点网络、智能合约等技术结合而成。区块链分为公有链、联盟链、私有链和混合链四大类。

Block chain technology is a distributed storage database technology based on asymmetric encryption algorithms to improve the Merkel tree as a data structure, using a combination of technology such as consensus mechanisms, point-to-point networks, smart contracts, etc. Block chains are divided into four broad categories: public, union, private and hybrid chains.

以上所述的区块链技术包含了诸多的技术特点和优点，其典型特征包括如下几个方面：

The block chain technology described above contains a number of technical features and advantages, typical of which include the following:

1.多中心化：区块链运用纯数学方法代替中心化组织机构，在多个分布式节点之间构建信任关系，从而建立可信的分布式系统。

1. Multicentricity: The block chain uses purely mathematical methods to replace centralized organizational structures and to build trust relationships between multiple distributed nodes, thus creating a credible distribution system.

2.多方维护：区块链激励机制可确保分布式系统中的所有节点均可参与数据区块的验证过程，并通过共识机制选择特定节点将新产生的区块加入到区块链中。

2. Multiple maintenance: The block chain incentive mechanism ensures that all nodes in the distributed system can participate in the validation process of the data blocks and, through the consensus mechanism, selects a particular node to add the newly created blocks to the block chain.

3.时序数据：区块链运用带有时间戳信息的链式结构来存储数据信息，为数据信息添加时间维度的属性，从而可实现数据信息的可追溯性。

Time series data: Block chains use a chain structure with time stamp information to store data information, adding the properties of the time dimension to the data information, thus allowing for the traceability of data information.

4.智能合约：区块链技术能够为用户提供灵活可变的脚本代码，以支持其创建新型的智能合约。

4. Smart contracts: Block chain technologies can provide users with flexible and variable script codes to support them in creating new types of smart contracts.

5.不可篡改：区块链系统中，相邻区块间后序区块可对前序区块进行验证，可保障链上数据的不可篡改性。

5. Non-frozen: In the block chain system, the subsequent sequence of blocks between adjacent blocks can be validated for the previous sequence blocks to safeguard the non-frozen nature of the data on the chain.

6.开放共识：在区块链网络中，每台物理设备均可作为该网络中的一个节点，任意节点可自由加入且拥有一份完整的数据库拷贝。

6. Open consensus: In the block chain network, each physical device can be used as a node in the network, and any node is freely accessible and has a complete copy of the database.

7.安全可信：区块链技术采用基于非对称加密技术对链上数据进行加密来实现，分布式系统中各节点通过区块链共识算法所形成的算力来抵御攻击、保证链上数据不被篡改和伪造，从而具有较高的保密性、可信性和安全性。

7. Security credibility: Block chain technology is achieved by encryption data on the chain based on asymmetric encryption techniques, with nodes in distributed systems being able to withstand attacks through the arithmetic of block chain consensus algorithms, ensuring that data on the chain are not tampered with and falsified, thus providing high levels of confidentiality, credibility and security.

二、分布式账本的核心思想

II. The core idea of the distributed books

分布式账本即将交易数据进行记账的过程分布于多个节点之中，每一个节点均可参与监督交易合法性，同时也可以共同为其作证。账本里的任何改动都会在所有副本中反映，达到了账目数据的安全性。

Distributed books cover the process of recording transaction data in multiple nodes, each of which can be involved in monitoring the legitimacy of the transaction and can also testify against it together. Any changes in the books are reflected in all copies, thereby achieving the security of the account data.

三、散列算法和非对称加密算法

III. hash algorithms and asymmetric cryptography algorithms

散列算法也叫数据摘要或者哈希算法，其原理是将一段信息转换成一个固定长度、无法逆向还原的字符串，本质上，散列算法的目的不是为了“加密”而是为了抽取“数据特征”。

The hash algorithm is also called a data digest or a Hashi algorithm. The rationale is to convert a piece of information into a fixed-length non-reversible string. In essence, the hash algorithm is not intended to be “encrypted” but to extract “data features”.

非对称加密算法由对应的一对唯一性密钥（即公开密钥和私有密钥）组成的加密方法，任何获悉用户公钥的人都可用用户的公钥对信息进行加密与用户实现安全信息交互。

Asymmetric encryption algorithms are encryption methods consisting of a corresponding pair of unique (i.e. public and private) keys, and anyone who learns about a user's public key can use the user's public key to encrypt the information to interact with the user's secure information.

四、共识机制的思想和常用的共识机制

IV. The idea of consensus mechanisms and common mechanisms of consensus

共识机制的思想是在没有中心点总体协调的情况下，当某个记账节点提出区块数据的增添或者减少，并把该提议广播给所有的参与节点，所有节点要根据一定的规则和机制，对该提议是否能够达成一致进行计算和处理。常用的共识机制有PoW、PoS、DPoS、Paxos、PBFT等。

The idea of a consensus mechanism is that, without overall coordination of a central point, when an account node proposes addition or reduction of block data and broadcasts the proposal to all participating nodes, all nodes are calculated and processed on the basis of certain rules and mechanisms. Common consensus mechanisms are PoW, PoS, DPOS, Paxos, PBFT, etc.

五、区块链技术研究的重点

V. Highlights of the technical study on block chains

从区块链技术的研究角度看，需要更加注重共识机制的研究，解决公有链、私有链、联盟链的权限控制、共识效率、约束、容错率等问题。同时，安全算法方面需要解决算法强度和“后门”问题。

From the point of view of block chain technology, there is a need to focus more on research on consensus mechanisms to address issues such as public chains, private chains, control of competencies in the chain of alliances, consensus efficiency, constraints, fault tolerance. At the same time, there is a need to address algorithm strength and “back door” issues in security algorithms.

还有对区块链治理领域的研究，尤其是如何将现有信息技术治理体系与区块链治理结合起来。探索区块链的标准化，也是一个需要重要考虑的内容。

There is also a study in the area of block chain governance, in particular how to integrate existing information technology governance systems with block chain governance. Exploring the standardization of block chains is also an important consideration.

总之，区块链作为一项新型技术，在未来有巨大的潜力和发展进程，我们需要在对其概念的理解和技术的研究上，持之以恒，加强研究和应用，以推进这一技术的跨越式发展，以便为各行各业的发展贡献更多的价值和新动力。

In short, as a new technology, the block chain has great potential and development processes in the future, and we need to sustain our understanding of its concepts and technological research by strengthening research and applications in order to advance the cross-cutting development of this technology in order to contribute more value and new impetus to the development of all industries.