Web3.0：是未来风口还是概念炒作

本文转自：中国科学报

This post is transmitted to the Chinese Science Journal.

Web3.0可能成为未来十年最大的风口。郭刚制图

Web3.0 is likely to be the biggest blowpoint in the next 10 years.

■本报记者 张双虎

I'm a reporter for this newspaper.

这是个微妙又难以捉摸的时刻。

This is a delicate and elusive moment.

11月9日，Meta宣布大裁员，以应对收益下滑及行业困境，1.1万人将从扎克伯格的元宇宙中“消失”。

On 9 November, Meta announced that it would “disappear” from the Zuckerberg meta-cosm.

不过，这似乎并未影响全球范围内Web3.0的热度。

However, this does not seem to affect the temperature of Web3.0 globally.

10月28日，工业和信息化部等五部门印发《虚拟现实与行业应用融合发展行动计划（2022—2026年）》，为虚拟现实产业构建生态体系并促进其融合应用发展。

On 28 October, five departments, including the Ministry of Industry and Informatization, issued the Action Plan for the Development of Virtual Reality and Industrial Applications (2022-2026) to build ecological systems for virtual real industries and promote their integrated application development.

3天后，香港财政司发布《有关香港虚拟资产发展的政策宣言》，重申对全球从事虚拟资产业务的创新人员持开放和兼融态度，将重视虚拟资产进入Web3.0和元宇宙的未来机遇。

Three days later, the Hong Kong Department of Finance issued a Policy Declaration on the Development of Virtual Assets in Hong Kong, reiterating its open and inclusive attitude towards global innovators working on virtual assets, focusing on the future opportunities of virtual assets entering the Web3.0 and the meta-cosm.

不管是马斯克收购推特，拟打造一个集社交、通信和加密支付于一体的多功能平台或超级应用，还是华硕宣布创立元宇宙公司，挺进Web3.0领域，都预示着互联网大厂已正式撸起袖子“上场”了。

Whether Mask buys Twitter, plans to create a multifunctional platform or super-application for socialization, communication and encryption payments, or Hua-Suk announces the creation of Won-Cosmos to advance into the Web 3.0 field, it augurs well for the big Internet factory to “get on” its sleeves.

资本市场上，除专注加密领域的风投a16z、Paradigm外，红杉资本、高盛、IDG、高瓴等也争先恐后地“跑马圈地”。

In the capital market, in addition to a16z, Paradigm, which focuses on encryption, redwood capital, Goldman Sachs, IDG, Highmans, etc., are also in a state of fear to “run around the streets”.

有观点认为，Web3.0是即将到来的下一代互联网，它将带来一场颠覆式的互联网革命。也有人认为，这一概念“水分大，泡沫多”。那么，Web3.0究竟会给我们带来什么？

Some argue that Web3.0 is the next generation of the Internet, which will lead to a subversive Internet revolution. Others argue that the concept is “watery and foamy.” So what does Web3.0 bring us?

未来十年“最大的风口”

"Last wind" over the next 10 years

有投资界人士分析，导致Meta裁员的主要原因与美国宏观经济环境（通胀、美联储激进加息等）及自身存在问题（业务转型遇挫，管理上人浮于事、效率低下等）有关，而与Web3.0的未来走势则没有多大关联。对于元宇宙领域，扎克伯格仍表示未来会继续加大投入力度。

There is an analysis by the investment community that the main reason for Meta’s layoffs is related to the macroeconomic environment in the US (inflation, a radical increase in interest rates, etc.) and its own problems (business transformations, ad hoc management, inefficiency, etc.) and little to the future direction of Web3. For the meta-cosm, Zuckerberg continues to suggest that he will continue to invest more in the future.

作为互联网的新形态，业界普遍认为Web3.0将带来七个方面的重大变革：一是迎来新的身份体系；二是催生新的产权体系；三是产生大批替代中心化平台的应用；四是强化对隐私和个人数据的保护；五是重构组织模式；六是催生新的业态；七是带来新的商业模式。

As a new form of the Internet, the industry is generally of the view that Web3.0 will bring about seven major changes: first, a new identity system; secondly, a new property rights system; thirdly, a large number of applications of alternative centralized platforms; fourthly, enhanced protection of privacy and personal data; fifthly, a reconfigured organizational model; sixthly, a new business paradigm; and seventhly, a new business model.

“Web3.0加上其他创新科技的助力，如人工智能、VR/AR（虚拟现实/增强现实）、云计算等，使网络用户可以在加密环境下购买和出售商品及服务，签署并执行合同，招聘和培训人才。”普华永道全球科技、媒体及通信行业主管合伙人周伟然告诉《中国科学报》，对企业而言，元宇宙提供了一个能身临其境、持续且去中心化的数字世界和商业场景，从而提高用户体验和开创新的变现销售渠道。另外，元宇宙的发展也能改善政府服务，助力城市数字化改造和智慧城市建设。

“Web3.0, together with the support of other innovative technologies, such as artificial intelligence, VR/AR (virtual reality/enhanced reality), cloud computing, etc., allows network users to purchase and sell goods and services in an encrypted environment, sign and execute contracts, and recruit and train talent.” PricewaterhouseCoopers' global technology, media and communications industry executives told the Chinese Science Journal that, for businesses, the meta-cosmos provides a digital world and business scene that is accessible, continuous and decentralised, thereby enhancing user experience and creating new sources of cash sales. In addition, the development of the meta-cosmos can improve government services and help digitally transform and intelligent cities.

这些都是Web3.0受投资者青睐的因素。天使投资人、互联网专家郭涛表示：“随着Web2.0红利的消失，Web3.0将成为未来10年‘最大的风口’，各类典型落地应用涌现，可能诞生下一代社交媒体、在线办公、网络购物和游戏平台等。”

Web3.0 is the preferred factor for investors. Angel investor and Internet expert Guo Tao says, "As the web 2.0 dividend disappears, Web3.0 will become the "largest wind" in the next 10 years, with a variety of typical landing applications that may give birth to the next generation of social media, online office, Internet shopping and game platforms."

带来哪些新价值

What's the new value of

“Web3.0为用户提供了开放的网络环境，所有信息不仅可读可写，信息价值还可传递、可流通。”北京交通大学计算机与信息技术学院教授王伟告诉《中国科学报》，“在Web3.0时代，用户所创造的数据信息将以去中心化的形式存储和维护，数据的所有权属于用户。”

“Web3.0 provides users with an open network environment in which all information is not only readable and writeable, but also transmits and circulates its value.” Professor Wang Wei, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, Beijing Transport University, told China Science, “In the age of Web3.0, data generated by users will be stored and maintained in decentralised form, and ownership of data belongs to users.”

例如，Web3.0中的非同质化通证（NFT）是一种公开的加密资产所有权电子证书，具有可验证和可追溯等特性，并支持加密资产交易，实现了数字藏品的确权与可控。

For example, the non-homogenous translator (NFT) in Web3.0 is a publicly available electronic certificate of ownership of encrypted assets, with verifiable and retroactive features, and supports encrypted asset transactions that achieves the certainty and control of digital collections.

王伟认为，Web3.0给我们的生活、工作以及社会带来的变化主要体现在互联网的准入自由与价值主权上，用户行为不再受第三方机构限制，能创建开放、公平的网络环境，并且可以实现数字资产的确权与流通。

Wang Wei believes that the changes that Web3.0 has brought to our lives, our jobs and our societies are mainly reflected in the freedom of access to the Internet and in the sovereign right to value, that user behaviour is no longer restricted by third-party institutions, that an open and equitable network environment can be created and that digital assets can be authenticized and circulated.

“Web3.0带来了NFT和去中心化金融等新型流行元素，吸引硅谷高科技公司主动拥抱Web3.0，使国内数字藏品盛行。”对Web3.0当前受追捧的原因，王伟分析说：“Web3.0的去中心化特性为现有技术难题提供了有效解决方案。”

“Web3.0, which brings with it new popular elements such as NFT and decentralized finance, attracts the initiative of Silicon Valley High Technology to embrace Web3.0, making digital collections in the country prevail.” For the reasons that Web3.0 is currently popular, Wang Wei analyses that “Web 3.0 decentralized features provide effective solutions to existing technological challenges”.

去中心化金融的出现打破了传统金融机构的限制，金融产品可以在去中心化区块链网络上使用，无须通过银行等中心化机构。又如，元宇宙和区块链技术保证了资产与数据不受中心化机构限制。在Web3.0时代，各大互联网平台间的数据壁垒将被打破，协同合作将成主流解决方案。

The emergence of decentralized finance breaks the limitations of traditional financial institutions, whose products can be used on a network of decentralized block chains that do not need to be used through such centralized institutions as banks. For example, meta-cosm and block chain technologies guarantee that assets and data are not restricted by centralized institutions.

知呱呱科技有限公司董事长严长春也认为，在Web3.0时代，用户有OWN（拥有、控制）权限，其不但是信息的接收者、创造者，更是信息价值的拥有者。这相当于创作者可以在Web3.0上确认自己产品的产权，如文章、代码、音乐、视频等都可以确认产权。

In the Web3.0 era, the user has the right to own, control, not only the recipient, creator, but also the owner of the value of the information. This is equivalent to the author’s being able to confirm the ownership of his products on Web3.0, such as articles, codes, music, videos, etc.

“我们对去中心化要有恰当的理解。”严长春告诉《中国科学报》，“Web3.0是去中心化的，但任何工程的实施一定是根据系统目标实现中心化的管控，创建Web3.0平台的所有者和运营者一定不是去中心化的。”

“We need to have a proper understanding of decentralisation.” Changchun told the Chinese Journal of Science that “Web 3.0 is decentralised, but the implementation of any project must be centralized in accordance with the system's objectives, and the owner and operator of the Web3.0 platform must not be decentralized.”

严长春分析说，现代区块链和可信计算会带来新的知识产权保护架构，可能会极大拓展现有的知识产权保护和促进架构。比如，可以在Web3.0上发表歌曲，在流行播放器查到原创者，知道该向谁支付知识产权费用。在跨系统的工作流程中，证明和证件环节占据大量资源，但在Web3.0可信计算条件下，各种基于区块链等可信基础设施的电子证件、电子合同、电子发票、电子产权证明等都可以极大促进可信的协作并加速工作进程。未来基于Web3.0，选举、交易、UGC（用户生成内容）和专利管理会更加便利。

Prolonged analysis suggests that modern block chains and credible calculations will lead to a new intellectual property protection architecture that could greatly expand the existing intellectual property protection and promotion architecture. For example, songs can be published on Web3.0 and the original players can be identified on popular players to know who should pay for their intellectual property rights. In cross-system workflows, certification and document links take up significant resources, but electronic documents, e-contracts, e-invoicing, e-property certification, etc. based on credible infrastructure such as block chains can greatly facilitate credible collaboration and accelerate work processes. On the basis of Web3.0, elections, transactions, UGCs (user-generated content) and patent management will be facilitated in the future.

“此类Web3.0应用让用户可以拥有互联网内容的价值主权，并实现价值转移与流通，解决了传统Web架构受制于中心化机构而带来的多种弊端，因此受到广泛追捧。”王伟补充说，“但Web3.0也会带来一些新的技术挑战和法制法规上的真空地带，因此需要及时进行相应的前沿技术研究和立法，以应对各类可能出现的矛盾。”

“This Web3.0 application, which allows users to have value sovereignty over Internet content and achieves value transfer and circulation, addresses the multiple disadvantages of the traditional Web architecture being held hostage to centralized institutions and is widely appreciated.” Wang Wei added, “But Web3.0 will also create new technological challenges and legal and regulatory vacuums that will require timely front-line technical research and legislation to address possible contradictions.”

要为Web3.0“划界”

to “deline” Web3.0

“去年到今年有两个概念很热，一是元宇宙，二是Web3.0。”中国指挥与控制学会城市大脑专委会副主任、远望智库数字大脑研究院院长刘锋对《中国科学报》说，“总体来说，我对Web3.0批判的视角更多一些。”

“Last year until this year, two concepts were hot: the Yuan cosmos and the Web3.0.” Liu Feng, Deputy Director of the Urban Brains Commission of the China Command and Control Society and Director of the Institute of Digital Brains of the Televisible think tank, said to the Chinese Journal of Science, “In general, I have a more critical view of Web3.0.”

刘锋认为，Web3.0宣称的概念和元宇宙、区块链，包括虚拟现实等有较大重叠。很多人在谈论元宇宙时，常与上述概念的一些属性混为一谈。Web3.0目前最大的“卖点”是分布式，这与之前区块链的概念差异不大，“从本质上说，两者没有明显的区别”。

Liu was of the view that the concept proclaimed by Web3.0 overlaps considerably with the meta-cosm, block chains, including virtual reality. Many people talk about meta-cosm, often confused with some of the attributes of the above-mentioned concepts. Web3.0's largest “sales” are distributional, which does not differ significantly from the concept of the previous block chain, “in essence, there is no clear difference between the two”.

尽管当前关于Web3.0的话题都充满激情，但迄今为止学界和产业界并未对相关概念的内涵和外延达成一致。

Despite the current passion for the topic of Web3.0, to date there has been no agreement between the academic and industry communities on the content and outreach of the concept.

2021年12月8日，美国众议院进行了一场听证会，美国货币审计署前署长布里安·布鲁克斯向国会议员作了一段关于Web3.0的汇报，将Web3.0定义为“用户可以拥有产权”的互联网。这是目前最为“官方”的Web3.0定义。

On December 8, 2021, the United States House of Representatives held a hearing in which Brian Brooks, the former Administrator of the United States Monetary Audit Office, reported to Congress on Web3.0, defining Web3.0 as the Internet where “users can own property rights.” This is the most “official” definition of Web3.0.

靠“产品说话”

by "product speaking"

“过去20年，有大量的科技概念一轮轮涌现出来，如物联网、云计算、大数据、人工智能等，其中虽然不乏‘泡沫’，但也催生了很多优秀公司，产生了很多扎实的成果。但虚拟现实、区块链、元宇宙等与Web3.0相关的概念至今仍‘水分大，泡沫多’。”刘锋说。

“In the last 20 years, there has been a proliferation of scientific and technological concepts, such as networking, cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence, among which there has been a lot of ‘foam’, but it has also given rise to a lot of good companies, producing a lot of solid results. But virtual reality, block chains, meta-cosm, etc., related to Web3.0 are still ‘watery, foamy’.” Liu Feng said.

在刘锋看来，区块链技术在两三年前非常火，曾被认为是互联网的革命。随着比特币、分布式、在线货币交易等概念的火热，还出现了一些“割韭菜”公司（如挖比特币、炒虚拟货币等），但迄今该领域仍“没有拿得出手的产品”。

In Liu’s view, block chain technology was very hot two or three years ago, and was considered to be an Internet revolution. As the concepts of bitcoin, distribution, online currency transactions, and so on, there were also “cuttering” companies (e.g. bitcoin, virtual currency, etc.) that have so far been “unfinished products” in this area.

“没有产业，炒作概念撑不了太久。从这个角度说，Web3.0短期内难以对我们的生活产生影响。”刘锋补充说，“另一方面，中心化是主流数字科技生态，去中心化对其有一定的补充，但并非当前的趋势。数字科技生态已比较成熟，数据垄断也未造成尖锐矛盾，目前一些科技巨头提供的数据服务总体上还比较‘顺手’。”

“There is no industry, and the concept of fumigation will not last much longer. From this perspective, Web3.0 will not have an impact on our lives in the short term.” Liu Feng added, “On the other hand, centralization is the mainstream digital science and technology ecology, which is somewhat complementary to, but not the current trend.

在他看来，尽管Web3.0已有不少应用，但相对于整个科技生态来说，它还起不到“革命”“颠覆”的作用。

In his view, although Web3.0 had many applications, it did not “revolutionary” “subversive” in relation to the entire science and technology ecology.

“如果将来没有实质性的改变，还拿分布式技术‘说事’，那么Web3.0未来的发展空间有限。”刘锋说。

“If there is no substantive change in the future and distributed technology is `addressed', there is limited scope for the future development of Web3.0.” Liu Feng said.

对Web3.0的下一步发展，严长春也认为问题依然不少。比如，身份确认技术目前还不成熟。虽然能防窜改，但区块链交易会消耗大量的计算和网络资源，现有技术条件下可能无法大规模推广；对虚拟经济体来说，只要参与交易各方有共同认可的交易平台，比如国家数字货币，就可以支持，并不一定是完全去中心化的平台。

For the next steps in Web3.0, there are still many problems. For example, identification technology is not yet mature. While it can be tampered with, block chain transactions can consume significant computing and network resources and may not be replicated on a large scale under existing technological conditions; for the virtual economy, they can be supported by a mutually acceptable trading platform, such as a national digital currency, that is not necessarily completely decentralized.

“目前，Web3.0还是已知技术在术语上的再包装。”严长春说，“但从其主旨和目标（实现交易各方）不受中心控制和限制（不代表不受监管，也不代表无交易成本），能方便、安全交易的角度看，它是未来的发展方向，将充分调动社会资源，大幅提升生产力。”

“Web3.0 is currently repackaged in terms of terms of known technology.” According to Prolonged Spring, “but from the point of view of its main thrust and objective (to achieve the parties to the transaction) without central control and restrictions (not to be unregulated or without transaction costs), it is a convenient and safe trade course for the future, which will mobilize social resources to a sufficient extent and raise productivity substantially.”