比特币竟在军事应用上大显身手？

　　你能想象到比特币可以在军事应用上大显身手吗？日前，爱沙尼亚和北约正尝试使用区块链技术开发下一代系统，以实现北约网络防御平台的现代化。无独有偶，美国国防部高级研究计划局也曾发布过基于区块链技术的分布式账本安全信息系统概念。美军甚至为了收集打击恐怖分子的有效情报，正尝试向情报提供者“打赏”比特币作为酬劳。诸如此类“脑洞大开”的区块链技术军事应用，渐有“星星之火可以燎原”之势。未来，区块链技术不仅可用于情报人员工作绩效激励，还可用于武器装备全寿命跟踪、军事人力资源管理、军用物资采购、智能军事物流等诸多方面。区块链这个未来战争的“另类舞者”，极有可能悄无声息地颠覆未来战争。

Unsurprisingly, the US Department of Defense Advanced Research and Planning has also published the concept of a distributed account security information system based on block chain technology. The US Army is even trying to collect effective intelligence information against terrorists by “rewarding” bitcoin to an intelligence provider. Military applications such as the “brain hole” have the potential for “Starfires” to destabilize future wars. In the future, sector chain technology can be used not only for intelligence personnel performance incentives, but also for weapons tracking, military human resources management, military material procurement, and smart military logistics.

　　石破天惊——

Stone > -

how to make money for the world

　　若想读懂区块链在未来战场上的“独特舞姿”，得先从比特币开始。名噪一时的比特币最早于2009年提出，一经推出便迅速掀起了互联网平台投资和交易热潮，也因此成为区块链技术当下最为典型的应用。

If you want to read the “unique dance” of the block chain in the future battlefield, you have to start with Bitcoin. Bitcoin was first introduced in 2009 and, as soon as it was launched, a rapid wave of investment and transactions in Internet platforms became the most typical application of block chain technology in the immediate future.

　　尽管人们对比特币褒贬不一，但对其背后的区块链技术却表现出极大兴趣。区块链技术是一个去中心化的数字账簿系统，包含了比特币系统开始运行以来比特币的完整交易记录。正是基于区块链这种新型去中心化协议，人们才能安全地存储或交易比特币，相关信息不可伪造和篡改，可自动执行智能合约，无需任何中心化机构的审核。

The block chain technology is a decentralised digital book system that contains complete transactions in bitcoins since the start of the Bitcoin system. It is a new decentralised agreement based on the block chain that allows people to store or trade bitcoins safely, the information is not forged and falsified, and smart contracts can be executed automatically, without any central agency’s approval.

　　区块链技术的诞生，源自对名为“拜占庭将军”的计算机科学问题的求解。通俗地讲，就是在一个由相互缺乏信任的节点组成的网络中，各节点如何达成可信共识的问题。通过引入“竞争-验证-同步-竞争”的动态循环解决该问题，区块链技术最终成为允许个体不经过第三方认证而开展有效可信合作的新型技术平台。

The creation of block chain technology stems from the search for a solution to the problem of computer science called “General Byzantine.” In general terms, it is a question of how the nodes can reach a credible consensus in a network of nodes that lack trust.

　　在比特币系统中，“货币”的产生和交易与区块链紧密相关。区块链的动态变化过程就是新币生成和流转的过程，是支撑整个比特币系统安全、有序和可信运行的基础。需要不断更新和维护的区块链，好比“造币机”，可以将最新的交易记录打包加载到链的末端，进而形成新的区块。

In the Bitcoin system, the generation and transactions of the “currency” are closely linked to the chain of blocks. The dynamic evolution of the block chain is the process of the generation and flow of the new currency, which is the basis for the safe, orderly and credible operation of the entire bitcoin system. Block chains that need to be constantly updated and maintained, as in the case of the “currency machine”, can be packaged to the end of the chain, thus creating new blocks.

　　区块链技术正是比特币背后的技术支撑，它本身由多个相连的区块构成，每个区块好比“账本”中的一页，记录了一段时间内相关交易情况，并通过不同区块之间的前后指向关系，将所有区块按序相连构成区块链。目前，区块链技术综合运用了P2P数据传输、文件共享、非对称加密和分布式存储等技术，正向着技术底层化和应用普及化方向加速发展。

Block chain technology, which is the technology behind Bitcoin, is itself a multiplicity of contiguous blocks, each of which is like a page in the “book”, records transactions over a period of time and links all blocks sequentially to the chain of blocks through forward and forward links between blocks. Currently, block chain technology combines P2P data transfer, file sharing, asymmetric encryption and distributed storage techniques and is accelerating the process of technology bottom-up and application diffusion.

　　犹抱琵琶——

{\bord0\shad0\alphaH3D}Strange-- {\bord0\shad0\alphaH3D}Strange-- {\bord0\shad0\alphaH3D}Strange-- {\bord0\shad0\alphaH3D}Strange-- {\bord0\shad0\alphaH3D}

　　“信任制造机”原来如此与众不同

"Trustmaker" used to be so different

　　当然，早已在算法上实现的区块链技术由于过于抽象，理解起来有些困难。其实，区块链类似一台“信任制造机”，它的出现就是为互不相识的双方制造信任。区块链技术可以生成一套记录时间先后、不可篡改的可信任数据库，通过这项技术，即便是没有中立的第三方机构，各节点之间也能实现合作。目前，区块链技术已经从单一的数字货币，逐步延伸到智能合约、物联网、身份验证、电子商务、社交通讯、文件存储等各个领域。

Block chain technology, already realized in algorithms, is, of course, somewhat difficult to understand because it is too abstract. In fact, the block chain is similar to a “trust-making machine” that emerges in order to create trust between unfamiliar parties.

　　其中，国际金融巨头已经开始尝试使用区块链技术处理繁杂的记账业务，IBM等公司宣称区块链是解决物联网信息安全、数据存储、交互处理的核心技术。区块链技术的设计初衷就是实现跨网络分布，这就让它成为了跨组织业务网络的理想选择。区块链去信任化的特点为其带来了可扩展性，数据加密标准确保了不可实现内容篡改，对数据的分散化处理进一步提升了数据的安全性。此外，区块链还能鼓励人们走出防火墙的保护圈，共享数据。正是区块链技术“特立独行”的特征，才让它显得如此与众不同。

Among them, the international financial giants have begun to try to use block chain technology to deal with complex bookkeeping operations, and IBM and others claim that block chains are the core technology for addressing the security of networked information, data storage, and interactive processing. The block chain technology was designed to achieve cross-network distribution, making it the ideal option for cross-organizational business networks.

　　比特币的成功使用，充分展示了区块链技术公开透明、安全可信、分布共享等优良特性。受此启发，目前已有数十家国际科技巨头正在联合开发“超级账本”项目，试图打造一个透明、公开、去中心化的分布式账本，让更多的应用能更容易地建立在区块链技术之上。未来，“信任制造机”还将为我们带来包括基础应用、升级应用和扩展应用等诸多“惊喜”。

The successful use of Bitcoin has amply demonstrated the excellent characteristics of block chain technology, such as transparency, security and credibility, and distribution sharing. Inspired by this, dozens of international technology giants are now jointly developing a “superbook” project, which seeks to create a transparent, open and decentralised distribution of accounts that would make it easier for more applications to be based on block chain technology.

　　基础应用主要依托现有的比特币系统，以有价币为交换中介，作为价值载体在用户之间进行传递。包括购物、支付、转账、清算等网络交易都可搭上区块链技术的“顺风车”，进一步增强金融生活的安全性。升级应用是对区块链技术的移植、升级和改造，进而充分发掘区块链的技术优势，实现数据的安全可信存储。未来，个人电子档案管理、慈善捐赠登记、数据永久固化和容灾备份等都可见到区块链技术的身影。扩展应用是对区块链技术的革新、泛化和推广，“信任制造机”将重构现有网络规则，建立起完善的网络信用体系，进而在未来的物联网世界中大显身手。

Basic applications rely mainly on the existing bitcoin system as an intermediary in exchange for currency and as a value carrier for transmission among users. Internet transactions, including shopping, payment, transfer, liquidation, and so on, can be added to the safety of financial life by adding a “roll-on” to block-chain technology. Upgraded applications are the transplantation, upgrading, and adaptation of block-chain technologies, thereby fully exploiting the technical advantages of block-chains and achieving secure and credible storage of data.

　　当然，区块链技术虽然前景广阔，但依旧需要解决信息安全保密、网络构建和监管控制等诸多问题。尽管可以使用非对称加密技术获得较强的信息安全保障，但并不意味着区块链技术的安全性就“固若金汤”。如何构建去中心化的对等网络，如何实现用户信息的有效监管都是亟须解决的难题。

Of course, block chain technology, though promising, still needs to address many of the issues of information security confidentiality, network construction, and regulatory control. While asymmetric encryption technology can be used to obtain stronger information security, it does not mean that block chain technology is “fixed to gold soup.” How to construct decentralized peer networks and how to effectively regulate user information is an urgent challenge.

　　方兴未艾——

-

　　在军事领域应用前景广阔

has a wide range of applications in the military field

　　在军事应用领域，“天生”拥有信息完整性等诸多特性的区块链技术，从一开始就实现了数据存储和数据加密的有机结合，将在军事领域大展拳脚。

In the area of military applications, “natural” block chain technology with many characteristics, such as information integrity, has, from the outset, achieved an organic combination of data storage and data encryption, and will build on it in the military sphere.

　　战场信息保护。不论战争形态如何改变，信息完整性和机要信息保护都是决定战争胜败的关键。虽说现代军事体系中已建立了多重验证、分开保存、多人操作等一系列安全举措，但直接突破现有体系下达假命令并不是没有可能。借助区块链技术，能在一定程度上提升战场信息保护的安全性。目前，美国国防部高级研究计划局正通过区块链技术创造一个安全的信息平台，研究区块链能否在保护高度敏感数据上提供帮助，并研究其在军用卫星、核武器等数个场景中的应用潜力，未来极有可能用来支持部队作战。

Despite a series of security initiatives in modern military systems, such as multiple certifications, separate preservations, and multi-person operations, it is not impossible to pass through the existing system to issue false orders. With block-chain technology, it is possible to improve the security of field-based information protection to some extent.

　　武器装备管理。武器装备从立项论证、研制生产、交付服役到退役报废，需要对全寿命周期内包括设计方案、试验结果、技术状态等大量数据资料进行记录备案。目前采用的纸质和电子媒介存在安全难以保障、转移交接困难、缺乏有效监管等安全隐患。通过引入区块链技术，可以形成一个各方均可参与保存的分布式、受监督的档案登记网络，进一步提高武器装备管理的安全性、便利性和可信度。同样，在军事人力资源管理过程中，也可通过区块链记录每名军人的任职履历，形成无法篡改的个人电子档案，从技术上彻底解决档案管理系统存在的问题。

Weapons management. Weapons equipment, from itemization, development, commissioning to decommissioning, requires the recording of a large amount of data throughout the life cycle, including design programmes, test results, state of technology, etc. The current use of paper and electronic media presents security risks such as security insecurity, transfer difficulties, and lack of effective supervision. The introduction of block-chain technology can lead to a distributed, supervised network of records that can be maintained by all parties, further enhancing the safety, convenience and credibility of weapons management. Similarly, in the course of the management of military human resources, it is possible to record the employment history of each soldier through a block chain, creating an electronic file of individuals that cannot be altered, and to resolve the problems of the archives management system technically and thoroughly.

　　智能军用物流。现代军用物流正向智能时代迈进，智能仓储、智能包装、智能运输和智能配送等智能化物联网络将涵盖军事物流全过程。利用区块链技术可有效解决智能化军用物流面临的组网通信、数据保存和系统维护等难题，进一步提高物流系统的生存能力，实现信息自由交互，保证了系统的有序高效运转。借助区块链技术，将实现信息从自由传输到自由公证的质变，极有可能成为未来网络基础协议和信用范式的“颠覆性”技术。

Modern military logistics are moving toward an age of intelligence in which intelligent chemical networks, such as smart storage, smart packaging, intelligent transport, and intelligent distribution, will cover the whole process of military logistics. The use of block-chain technologies can effectively address such challenges as network communications, data preservation, and systems maintenance for intelligent military logistics, further enhancing the viability of logistics systems, enabling free and interactive information and ensuring their orderly and efficient functioning.

　　情报隐蔽激励。近年来，美军充分挖掘区块链在记录交易时的匿名性特征，并将其应用到情报收集领域，实现情报提供激励金的隐蔽定向支付。众所周知，情报提供者或“线人”需要隐秘的身份和行踪，传统的转账、现金等支付方式极易被跟踪锁定。通过比特币作为支付中介，就可巧妙断裂支付通路，让情报资金流转难以追溯，进而有效保护情报人员的安全。这其中，比特币交易平台在整个支付流程中扮演了“黑箱”的角色，实现了交易双方关键信息的隐藏。（张　敏）

In recent years, United States forces have fully exploited the anonymous features of the block chain when recording transactions and applied them to the area of intelligence-gathering in order to achieve hidden and targeted payments for which intelligence provides incentives. It is well known that intelligence providers or “informers” need covert identities and whereabouts, and that traditional methods of payment, such as transfers, cash, etc., are easily tracked. By acting as payment intermediaries, Bitcoin can easily break the way of payments, making it difficult to trace the flow of intelligence funds, thereby effectively protecting the security of intelligence personnel.

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