文/马朝良 中国（深圳）综合开发研究院博士后工作站、中国通证数字经济研究中心
Post-doctoral workstation at the China Institute of Integrated Development (Hin Shenzhen) and the China Centre for Translator Digital Economics Studies
“十四五”规划纲要在第十五章中提到，培育壮大人工智能、大数据、区块链、云计算、网络安全等新兴数字产业。在针对区块链技术方面，纲要指出，推动智能合约、共识算法、加密算法、分布式系统等区块链技术创新，以联盟链为重点发展区块链服务平台和金融科技、供应链管理、政府服务等领域应用方案，完善监管机制。“十四五”时期，数字经济将成为我国高质量发展的重要引擎和动力源，区块链技术和产业将迎来黄金机遇。
In relation to block-chain technology, it states that technological innovation in block-chains such as smart contracts, consensus algorithms, encryption algorithms, distributed systems, development of sector-chain service platforms and application programmes in areas such as financial science and technology, supply chain management, government services, etc., with a focus on union chains, will improve regulatory mechanisms. During the 14-year period, the digital economy will be an important engine and engine for high-quality development in the country.
一、区块链战略的提出与发展
2016年10月，工信部发布《中国区块链技术和应用发展白皮书(2016)》。12月，国务院发布《“十三五”国家信息化规划》并指出，加强区块链等新技术基础研发和前沿布局。自此之后，国家出台了大量支持区块链发展的政策，并在多个规划中重点提及区块链战略。2019年10月,中央政治局就区块链技术发展现状和趋势进行集体学习，习近平总书记强调，把区块链作为核心技术自主创新重要突破口，加快推动区块链技术和产业创新发展。2020年4月，国家发改委正式将区块链纳入“新基建”，作为信息基础设施的重点之一。据统计，中央及各部委2020年共出台区块链相关政策60多部，涉及区块链监管、产业应用等多个方面。
In October 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Communications issued the White Paper on Technology and Applications Development in the Block Chain of China (2016). In December, the State Council issued the “13th Five-Year Plan for National Informatization” and stated that the development and development of new technological infrastructure, such as the block chain, should be strengthened. Since then, the State has put in place a number of policies to support the development of the block chain and has focused on the sector chain strategy in a number of plans. In October 2019, the Central Political Bureau undertook a collective study on the current state and trends in technology development in the block chain.
各地政府从实施层面出台了大量支持区块链产业发展的政策，涉及物流、经济、金融、农业、政务等多个领域。据不完全统计，各地已出台区块链政策近600部。广东、江苏、浙江、北京等地出台的区块链政策相对较多，北上广深等地也已成为我国区块链发展最快的地区。汇总网信办发布的境内区块链信息服务备案信息，北京、深圳、上海、杭州、广州五个城市的备案总数占比超过70%。《北京市区块链创新发展行动计划(2020-2022年)》的主要目标是，把北京初步建设成为具有影响力的区块链科技创新高地、应用示范高地、产业发展高地、创新人才高地，率先形成区块链赋能经济社会发展的“北京方案”。《浙江省新型基础设施建设三年行动计划》更是强调，打造“杭州区块链之都”。
At the implementation level, governments have put in place a number of policies to support the development of the sector chain in various areas, including logistics, the economy, finance, agriculture, and government. According to incomplete statistics, there are nearly 600 block-chain policies in various regions. There are relatively many block-chain policies in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Beijing, etc.
“区块链”重点专项已列入“十四五”国家重点研发计划，区块链产业已成为各地争相发展的新兴数字产业。在国家政策的引导下，各地正加快部署“十四五”时期区块链产业发展计划，积极抢抓重大窗口期和机遇期。
The focus on block chains has been included in the 14th Five-Year National Priority Research and Development Plan, and the sector chain industry has become an emerging digital industry competing around the world. Under the guidance of national policy, the country is accelerating the deployment of the 14-Year Block Chain Industry Development Plan, actively seizing critical window and opportunity periods.
二、联盟链为何成为重点方向？
和公有链及私有链相比，联盟链是区块链在中国应用落地的较优选择。“十四五”规划纲要也明确提到，以联盟链为重点发展区块链领域应用。
Union chains are the preferred option for the use of block chains in China, as compared to public and private chains. The 14th Five-Year Plan outline also explicitly refers to the development of block chain areas with a focus on the alliance chain.
首先，联盟链更符合中国国情。和公有链相比，联盟链定位在有限参与方建立的区块链准入系统，各节点只有授权之后才能加入或退出网络，保证了系统内的去中心化，更符合我国国情。联盟链参与方数量可控，访问权限可能是公共的，保证了公共节点的信息公开透明；也可能是限制在某些节点上，通过加密分区的办法来实现隐私保护。
is, first of all, more relevant to the Chinese context. , compared to the public context, links are located in a block-chain access system established by a limited number of participants, and nodes can join or leave the network only after authorization, ensuring that the system is decentralized and better suited to our national context. The number of union-chain participants may be controlled, access rights may be public, public node information may be transparent, and privacy protection may be achieved at certain nodes by means of encrypted zoning.
其次，联盟链便于监管。《区块链信息服务管理规定》规定，区块链信息服务提供者应在国家互联网信息办公室区块链信息服务备案管理系统进行备案，但很多公链的服务提供者主体不存在，如比特币，导致公有链监管难以实施。尤其是很多以公有链为基础进行的ICO（Initial Coin Offering，首次币发行）行为，更是被我国明令禁止。联盟链无需Token作为主要激励机制，且具有高安全与高并发特点，更加契合我国产业和监管部门的需求。
, secondly, links are easy to regulate. , the Regulation on the Management of Block Chain Information Services, stipulates that block chain information service providers should file in the system of filing of block chain information services at the National Internet Information Office, but many public chain service providers do not exist, such as Bitcoin, making public chain regulation difficult to implement.
第三，联盟链应用在中国已经非常成熟。以BAT为代表，国内多个科技龙头企业已开发了基于自身的联盟链，并能够提供BaaS定制化服务。深圳市金融区块链发展促进会（金链盟）推出的金融级区块链底层平台FISCO BCOS，已入选成为国家级区块链服务网络（BSN）中的首个国产联盟链底层平台，并在政务、金融、公益、版权、供应链、教育等领域已有80多个应用落地。
第四，联盟链在降本增效方面具有显著优势。交易速度是区块链性能的重要指标之一，公有链节点多，吞吐量较低，交易速度存在瓶颈，交易费用也相对较高。和公有链相比，联盟链节点数量有限，验证效率显著高于公有链，不仅能够实现快速交易，降低交易成本，还能够降低区块链的维护成本。
, fourthly, Alliance chains have a significant advantage in reducing efficiency gains. is one of the key indicators of block chain performance. transactions speed is one of the key indicators of block chain performance, with many public chain nodes, low throughput, bottlenecks in transaction speed, and relatively high transaction costs.
三、发展区块链、联盟链的对策建议
1.引导相关标准和法律建设
1. Lead the building of standards and laws
加强区块链标准化研究，加快推动区块链标准体系建设，对接国际标准组织，提升规则制定权；完善区块链技术领域的法律法规，明确区块链技术开发、使用、管理等环节的权利义务和责任范围。
Strengthen standardized research on block chains and accelerate the development of a system of block chain standards, the alignment of international standards organizations and the upgrading of rule-making authority; and improve the legal and regulatory framework in the technical area of block chains and clarify the scope of rights, duties and responsibilities related to the technical development, use, management, etc. of block chains.
2.提高区块链技术创新能力
加强区块链基础设施建设，推动区块链技术创新；打造区块链创新实验室，建设区块链新型科研机构，培育区块链创新产业集群，推进智能合约、共识算法、加密算法、分布式系统等核心技术演进；加快突破高性能密码等技术，提高节点数据处理能力，助力提升区块链运行效率。
To strengthen the infrastructure of the block chain and promote technological innovation in the block chain; to build innovative laboratories in the block chain; to build new scientific institutions in the block chain; to foster innovative industrial clusters in the block chain; to promote the evolution of core technologies such as smart contracts, consensus algorithms, encryption algorithms and distributed systems; to accelerate the breakthrough of technology such as high-performance passwords; and to improve nodal data processing capabilities and enhance the efficiency of the sector chain.
3.探索区块链与其它“新基建”的融合
3. Explore the integration of block chains with other “new infrastructure”
推动区块链技术和人工智能、5G、大数据等前沿技术集成创新、相互赋能；在智能制造、智慧城市、智慧医疗、智能客服等领域引入区块链技术，实现协同治理，推动“无形的手”转化为会思考的“智慧大脑”。
To promote innovation and mutual empowerment in block chain technology and cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, 5G, big data; to introduce block chain technology in areas such as smart manufacturing, smart cities, smart medicine, smart customer service; to achieve synergistic governance; and to promote the transformation of “invisible hands” into “intellectual brains” for reflection.
4.打造联盟链产业生态圈
4. Biosphere of the Union Chain Industry
完善以联盟链为重点的区块链产业生态系统，打造联盟链产业生态圈；完善上游平台建设，以联盟链为重点发展区块链服务平台，推动“联盟链”区块链服务网络商用；开展联盟链应用培训，推动下游“区块链+金融”“区块链+溯源”等产业落地；加强联盟链产业上下游融合，设立联盟链产业发展基金，支持区块链服务性产业发展。
• Improvement of the organic ecosystem of the sector chain with a focus on the alliance chain and the creation of an ecosystem of the union chain industry; improvement of the upstream platform for the development of the block chain service platform with a focus on the alliance chain; promotion of the commercialization of the network of block service services in the “coalition chain”; training in the application of the alliance chain and promotion of the landing of industries such as the downstream “block chain plus finance” “block chain plus traceability”; and strengthening of the upstream and downstream integration of the union chain industry and the establishment of the Alliance chain industry development fund to support the development of the sector chain service industry.
5.支持联盟链应用落地
5. Supports coalition chain application landing
鼓励金融科技领域成立区块链联盟，支持FISCO BCOS等金融科技联盟链底层平台发展，推动联盟链平台在更多领域应用；推动防伪溯源等联盟链在供应链管理中的应用，加快供应链物流的运转速度，降低供应链信任成本；构建多层次的“区块链+政务服务”平台，促进政府服务创新发展，推动公共事务数据共享，落实公共事务政府监管，实现公共管理精准化。
Encouragement of block-chain alliances in the area of financial science and technology to support the development of bottom-level platforms of financial science and technology alliances, such as FISCO BCOS, and promote their application in a wider range of areas; promote the application of supply chain management, such as anti-prosperistic traceability, to speed up supply chain logistics and reduce supply chain trust costs; and construct multi-layered “block-chain-plus-government services” platforms to foster innovation in government services, promote the sharing of public service data, regulate public affairs and streamline public administration.
6.鼓励社会组织搭建联盟链
6. Encourage social organizations to build alliances
鼓励行业协会、产业联盟、商会等组织研究搭建联盟链，整合相关资源，推动行业供需对接；打造多方共建、共享的联盟链建设模式，提高联盟链上链共享数据的使用效率。
Organizations such as industry associations, industry unions, chambers of commerce and others are encouraged to research and build alliances, consolidate resources and facilitate the interface between supply and demand in the industry; and develop multi-partite and shared union chain-building models to increase efficiency in the use of data-sharing in the federated chain.
7.加强区块链监管
审慎监管与鼓励创新结合，积极探索监管“沙盒”制度，打击以区块链为名义的非法集资，积极出台政策推动区块链技术应用创新和行业发展；完善联盟链监管技术，推动链上链下数据协同，探索“以链治链”的监管模式。
Prudential supervision combines the encouragement of innovation with active exploration of the “share box” system to combat illegal fund-raising in the name of block chains, active adoption of policies to promote innovation and industry development in block chain technologies, improvement of coalition chain control techniques, promotion of data synergy in the chain and exploration of “chain-based” regulatory models.
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