2022年区块链白皮书.docx

No.202224

区块链白皮书

White Paper on Block Chains

(2022年)

(2022)

中国信息通信研究院

China Institute of Information and Communications

2022年12月

December 2022

前言

Foreword

党的二十大报告提出，要“建设数字中国，加快发展数字经济，促进数字经济和实体经济深度融合，打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群”。区块链技术有助于促进数据共享、优化业务流程、降低运营成本、提升协同效率、建设可信体系，是支撑数字经济发展的战略性技术，对贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展具有重要作用。

The Party's 20-year report states that “building digital China, accelerating the development of the digital economy, promoting the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy, and creating internationally competitive clusters of digital industries.” Block-chain technology helps to promote data-sharing, optimize business processes, reduce operating costs, enhance synergies and build credible systems. It is a strategic technology that underpins digital economic development and plays an important role in implementing new development concepts, shaping new development patterns and promoting quality development.

过去一年，全球区块链产业发展迎来新变化。公有链面向下一代互联网(Web3.0)持续推动技术演进与应用创新，打造分布式互联网信任基础设施。基于公有链的数字原生应用快速发展，同时也存在一定的不确定性风险。与此同时，联盟链技术针对业务场景需求不断迭代优化，充分释放数据可信协作价值。联盟链应用范围加速拓展，赋能实体经济数字化转型，但在商业化运营及推广方面遇到一些阻力。随着数字经济时代到来，区块链与其他新一代信息技术交叉融合，其信任价值将被进一步激发，通过充分融合公有链与联盟链技术优势，为信任科技积蓄能量。信任科技以区块链等多技术融合为核心，着力打造数字化信任基础设施。其既是数字经济新时代对于数据要素全流程可信管理的必然要求，也是Web3.0发展中解决互联网数据要素权属和交易流通问题的重要创新。

With the advent of the digital economy, the value of trust will be further stimulated by full integration of the public chain with the technological advantages of the union chain to the technological advantages of the union chain, to build confidence in technological accumulation. Trust in technology is centred on multi-technology convergences, such as the sector chains, to focus on building digital confidence infrastructure. It is a necessary requirement for the digital economy to be able to manage the entire digital flow of data in a credible manner. It is also an important innovation in the development of Web3.0 to address the issue of Internet data parameters and transactional flows.

中国信息通信研究院(以下简称“中国信通院”)从2018年起连续五年组织编写《区块链白皮书》。今年的白皮书在之前版本基础

The Chinese Institute of Information and Communications (hereinafter referred to as the China Institute of Information and Communications Technology) has been preparing the White Paper on Block Chains for five consecutive years since 2018.

上，梳理一年来国内外区块链技术、应用、产业发展新动态，阐述以区块链为核心的信任科技体系建设新进展，展望数字经济时代区块链技术应用和产业发展挑战与机遇。

Over the past year, new developments in technology, applications and industrial development in the country and abroad have been consolidated, new advances have been made in building a system of confidence in science and technology with a block chain at its core and a vision of technological applications and industrial development challenges and opportunities in the digital economy era.

目录

Contents

一、全球区块链技术应用持续拓展 1

I. Continuous expansion of technology applications in the global block chain 1

(一)技术创新稳步推进 1

(i) Steady advances in technological innovation1

(二)应用路径日益清晰 3

(ii) Increased clarity of application pathways 3

(三)产业趋稳资本活跃 5

(iii) Stable capital activity in industry 5

(四)多地加快战略布局 7

(iv) Accelerating strategic layout in many ways 7

二、我国区块链发展稳中有进 8

II. Progress in the steady development of our block chain 8

(一)“十四五”开局政策布局更加清晰 8

(i) Increased clarity in the layout of the “145” opening policy 8

(二)区块链技术创新能力持续提升 9

(ii) Continuous upgrading of technological innovation capacity in block chains 9

(三)区块链应用深度广度不断拓展 10

(iii) The depth of application of block chains is expanding 10

(四)产业生态构建成区块链落地重心 15

(iv) Industrial eco-structured blocks chaining at the centre of gravity 15

(五)区块链基础设施向新型链网演进 19

(v) The evolution of the block chain infrastructure into a new network 17

三、区块链向信任科技演进趋势初现 22

III. Trends in the evolution of the block chain towards technology of trust 22

(一)新时代提出信任新需求 23

(i) New demand for trust in a new era

(二)多技术融合构建信任科技 24

(ii) Multi-technology integration for confidence-building technology

(三)信任科技赋能价值互联网 26

(iii) Trust in the value of science and technology for the Internet 26

四、总结与展望 29

IV. Summary and outlook 29

图目录

Table of contents

图1区块链学术研究主题分布 3

Figure 1 Theme distribution for academic research on block chains 3

图2全球/中国区块链企业数量增长趋势 6

Figure 2 Trends in global/Chinese block chain growth 6

图3科技巨头企业区块链投资事件数量 7

Figure 3 Number of investment events in the technological mega-enterprise block chain 7

图4区块链信息服务前十批备案应用分类图 11

Figure 4 Classification of top 10 batch filings for block chain information services 11

图5区块链基础设施发展路径演进趋势 21

Figure 5 Evolution of the road to infrastructure development of the block chain 20

图6Web3.0体系架构图 28

Figure 6Web3.0 System Architecture 28

表目录

Table of Tables

表1我国代表区块链企业产品示例 16

Table 1 Examples of business products on behalf of block chains in our country 16

表2区块链基础设施建设路径对比 21

Table 2 Comparison of roadways for the construction of the block chain infrastructure 21

区块链白皮书(2022年)

White Paper on the Block Chain (2022)

1

一、全球区块链技术应用持续拓展

I. Continuous expansion of technology applications in global block chains

区块链技术应用和产业生态经多年发展，逐渐形成了公有链和联盟链两大体系，其技术创新、应用路径和产业格局各有侧重、各得其宜。随着数字经济快速发展，区块链作为“信任网络”、“信任机器”的关键作用将持续放大，公有链与联盟链技术应用发展有待进一步融合创新，助力推动全球区块链产业走向以开源开放、共建共享、绿色高效为核心的新发展阶段。

With the rapid development of the digital economy, the key role of block chains as “trust networks” and “trust machines” will continue to be magnified, and the technological applications of public and union chains will need to be further integrated into innovation to help drive the global cluster industry toward a new phase of development centred on open, shared, green and efficient sources.

(一)技术创新稳步推进

(i) Steady progress in technological innovation

公有链技术面向下一代互联网持续迭代，推动实现更开放、更高效和绿色化发展。技术演进方面，当前国际主流公有链节点规模在万级左右，去中心化程度较高，主要聚焦在扩展性、兼容性、能耗等方面进行技术优化。其中，以太坊作为公有链的典型代表，于2022年9月完成合并升级，从PoW(ProofofWork，工作量证明)共识迁移至PoS(ProofofStake，权益证明)共识，大幅提升其性能、安全性和可扩展性，能耗降低99.95%，并基于分片技术构建链上链下协同生态，解决了长期以来交易性能有限、运行能耗高等问题。技术创新方面，国外以Web3.0为导向加速公有链技术创新，引领了智能合约、数字身份、隐私保护等多个领域的技术走向。其中基于以太坊推出的资产发行、资产确权、支付结算等一系列技术协议，如ERC-20、ERC-721、ERC-1155等，正成为区块链在相关领域公认的重要事实性标准。技术开源方面，截止2022年9月，开源项目托管平台Github上的流

In September 2022, the public chain technology, which is typically representative of the public chain, was upgraded from PoW (ProofofWork, workload proof) to a more open, efficient and greener development. With respect to technological evolution, the current size of the international mainstream public chain nodes is high at 10,000 levels, with a high degree of centralization, with a focus on technology optimization in terms of expansion, compatibility, energy consumption, etc. With a focus on eco-efficiency. With regard to technological innovation, a number of long-term trade-related problems have been solved, such as limited and high operating energy consumption, based on segmented technology build-up chains. With regard to technological innovation abroad, webb3.0 has been directed towards accelerating technological innovation in the public chain, leading to a consensus in several areas, such as intellectual contracts, digital identity, privacy protection, etc.

区块链白皮书(2022年)

White Paper on the Block Chain (2022)

2

行区块链项目(关注度大于

Line block chain project (more than attention)