《半月谈》是党政机关公务员必备的阅读学习刊物之一，也是考公务员申论备考非常好的资料。
< b/ > The Half-monthly Talks is one of the necessary reading and learning publications for civil servants of the party political organs and is also a very good document for the examination of civil servants.
下面是网页阅读版：
Below is a Web-based reading version:
半月评论
1 换届之年须树牢正确政绩观
今年是换届之年，全国省级地方两会已完成省级人大、政府、政协的集中换届，地市县乡也有不少新领导走马上任。在万物复苏的3月，不少“换届干部”中的代表委员齐聚北京，共商国是。
This year is the year of the renewal of the provincial councils, which have brought together the provincial councils, the government, and the Political Consultative Assembly, and a number of new regional and subdistrict leaders. In March, a number of members of the “replaced cadres” gathered in Beijing.
毫无疑问，“换届干部”经受住了重重考验，才能在换届中脱颖而出。他们带着党和人民群众的殷殷重托，走上重要岗位，为我们的事业注入了新的生机和活力。他们年富力强、执政经验丰富，都铆足了劲儿，准备在任期内攻坚克难、大展抱负。
There is no doubt that the “replacement of cadres” has gone through many tests in order to be successful in a new term. They have taken the party and the people to important positions and breathed new life and energy into our cause. They are young and experienced, and they are prepared to fight hard and ambitiously during their term of office.
需要提醒的是，越是想有所作为，就越要警惕陷入“换届冲动症”的陷阱。
It should be recalled that the more you want to make a difference, the more alert you are to fall into the trap of “animism”.
基层干部和有识之士反映，“换届冲动症”主要有三大表征。一是政策“翻烧饼”，太随意，换届就换蓝图，换人就换思路。在一些地方，发展战略没有延续性，主政干部经常拍脑袋决策，拍胸脯保证，拍屁股走人。
According to grass-roots cadres and knowledgeable men, “animism for change” has three main manifestations. The first is a policy of “cracking the waffles,” which changes the blueprints and changes the mind. In some places, development strategies are not sustainable.
二是新官不理旧账。签订的各种协议，对投资商的承诺，拖欠的工程款……对这些前任留下来的“旧账”，少数“换届干部”一概不认，能推则推，能拖则拖，有的甚至公然“赖账”。这种做法不仅有违诚实守信的法治原则，也极大地损害了群众利益和政府公信力。
is a new official’s default. Agreements, commitments to investors, arrears of work... all of the “old accounts” left behind by the predecessors, a few “replaced cadres” are ignored, pushed, delayed, or even openly “deficient”. This not only violates the principles of the rule of law and good faith, but also greatly undermines the interests of the masses and the credibility of the government.
三是好大喜功，热衷上马“面子工程”“形象工程”。少数“换届干部”，新到一地，新任一职，总想快出成绩，于是不重“里子”重“面子”，大肆举债搞建设，把看得见的地方包装得像“欧洲”，看不见的地方即使像“非洲”也放任不管、无动于衷。
Three is a great feat, with a keen interest in “face engineering” and “image engineering.” A few “managerships” and, in a new place, a new position, with a sense of success, have come to the fore, so that the debt is raised to build, and the visible places are packed up like “Europe” and the invisible even as “Africa” are left unattended and unattended.
以上种种，归根结底还是错误的政绩观作祟。少数“换届干部”只唯上不管下，最大的目标就是在有限的任期内，最大可能集中地方发展资源，尽量做出上级领导看得见、摸得着的政绩，从而为自己的仕途发展铺平道路、奠定基础。
All of the above are, in the final analysis, a false perception of political performance. A few “replaced cadres” are the only ones left behind. The greatest goal is to concentrate local development resources to the greatest extent possible during a limited term of office and to do what is visible and tactful to the superior, thus paving the way for and laying the groundwork for their own development.
在这种错误政绩观的支配下，不少地方已经付出了十分沉重的代价。总结经验，吸取教训，要求各级领导干部必须自觉抵制错误政绩观，牢固树立正确政绩观。
Under this misperception of performance, many places have already paid a heavy price. Drawing lessons from experience requires that leaders at all levels must be consciously opposed to the misperception of performance and firmly establish the right perception of performance.
正确政绩观必须以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指引，统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，牢固树立和贯彻落实创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，增强政治领导本领，科学制定和坚决执行党的各项路线方针政策，把党总揽全局、协调各方落到实处。
< b/ > The correct political performance must be guided by the socialist philosophy of the Chinese character of Xi Jinping's new era. It must be based on the integration of the “Five Ones” and the coordination of the implementation of the “Four Comprehensive” strategy, the firm implementation and follow-up of the new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, open and shared, the strengthening of political leadership, the scientific formulation and determined implementation of the Party's line-line policies, the consolidation of the Party's overall agenda and the coordination of all parties.
正确的政绩观必须以人民为中心，牢记党全心全意为人民服务的宗旨。施政不能斤斤计较于一时之得失和个人之得失，而应立足地方长远发展的需要，不唯数字，不谄媚上级，让工作经得起历史和人民群众的检验。各级党委政府要把老百姓的安危冷暖时时刻刻放在心上，以造福人民为最大政绩，想群众之所想，急群众之所急，让人民生活更加幸福美满。
The right vision of performance must be centred on the people, bearing in mind the party’s whole-hearted purpose of serving the people. Governance should not be based on the needs of long-term local development, but rather on the needs of the local population, not on numbers, not on superiors, and that work should be tested by history and the masses.
党的十九大描绘了“两个一百年”奋斗目标的宏伟蓝图。实现这一宏伟蓝图，关键在党，关键在人。各级领导干部树立正确政绩观至为重要。
The Party’s 19th Congress paints an ambitious blueprint for the goals of the “two hundred years” struggle.
首先，要发扬科学精神和求实精神，大兴求真务实之风，按规律办事，科学地干事，干实实在在的事。要按照中央“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局推进工作，不喊空洞无物标新立异的口号，不搞盲目攀比脱离实际的决策，摒弃“新官不理旧政”的恶习，将工作真正抓准、抓牢、抓出实效。
First, to promote science and realism, to be realistic, to act according to the rules, to be a scientific officer, to do real things. To move forward according to the central “Five Ones” overall layout and the “Four All Four” strategic layout, not to shout empty slogans, not to blindly climb out of real decision-making, and to reject the “new officials do not follow the old government” vices, and to make the work truly accurate, focused and effective.
其次，要遵循“功成不必在我”“前人栽树后人乘凉”的执政理念。对各级领导干部来说，在工作中理应大胆开拓、锐意进取，但是也应注重工作的延续性和连贯性。不能换一届领导就兜底翻，更不能为了显示所谓政绩硬要去另搞一套。有没有新面貌，有没有新气象，并不在于制定一打一打的新规划，而在于结合新的实际，用新的思路、新的举措，脚踏实地把既定的科学目标、好的工作蓝图逐步变为现实。
Secondly, to follow the notion that “good work does not have to be done in my” way. For leaders at all levels, there is a need to be bold and aggressive in their work, but also to focus on continuity and continuity.
再次，要大力发扬钉钉子的精神。要清醒地认识到，钉钉子往往不是一锤子就能钉好的，而是要一锤一锤接着敲，直到把钉子钉实钉牢。钉牢一颗再钉下一颗，不断钉下去，必然大有成效。要多做打基础、利长远的事，不搞脱离实际的盲目攀比，不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程”“政绩工程”，求真务实，真抓实干，勇于担当，真正做到对历史和人民负责。
Again, the spirit of nailing must be strong. It must be clear that nails are often not nailed by a hammer, but by hammer and hammer until nails are nailed. A nail is nailed and nailed. It must be effective. More basic, long-term work must be done, not out of practical blindness, not out-of-pocket, not out-of-work, not out-of-work, but out-of-work, real-life, real-life, real-life, real-life responsibility, real accountability to history and people.
2018年是不平凡的一年，不仅是全面贯彻党的十九大精神的开局之年，也是改革开放40周年。九层之台，起于累土。要把“两个一百年”蓝图变为现实，必须不驰于空想、不骛于虚声，一步一个脚印，踏踏实实干好工作。各级领导干部要珍惜干事创业的机会和平台，狠抓工作落实，接续奋斗、担当尽责，一届接着一届干，一张蓝图绘到底。以优良的工作作风，高标准、高质量、高效率全面完成改革发展稳定各项目标任务。
2018 was an extraordinary year, not only the beginning of the full implementation of the party’s 19th spirit, but also the fortieth anniversary of the opening of the reform. The nine-storey platform, from the ground to the ground, began. In order to translate the “two hundred years” blueprint into reality, it was necessary to move away from emptiness, rhetoric, one step at a time, and get down to work.
半月专题
2 金融排雷，化风险于无形
金融关涉全局，一旦发生系统性金融风险，后果不堪设想。尽管目前我国金融形势总体良好，但仍有一些需要高度关注的问题，如宏观杠杆率偏高、金融监管体制不完善、违法违规金融活动增多等。解决这些问题，化风险于无形，需要凝聚共识、克服阻力，尽快把中央的决策部署贯彻落实下去。
There are a number of issues of great concern, such as the high level of macro-leveraging, inadequate financial regulatory systems, and an increase in financial activity that violates the law. To address these problems, risks are invisible, and there is a need to build consensus, overcome resistance, and put central decision-making into practice as soon as possible.
明确时间表，划定路线图
A clear timetable and delineation of the road map
1月24日，中共中央政治局委员、中央财经领导小组办公室主任刘鹤在达沃斯世界经济论坛2018年年会上表示，针对影子银行、地方政府隐性债务等突出问题，争取在未来3年左右时间，使宏观杠杆率得到有效控制，金融结构适应性提高，金融服务实体经济能力增强，系统性风险得到有效防范，经济体系良性循环水平上升。该表述为去杠杆划定了明确的时间表，引发市场广泛关注。
On 24 January, at the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum 2018 in Davos, a member of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China and Chief of Staff of the Central Financial and Economic Leadership Group, Liu Xuan stated that, in response to outstanding issues such as shadow banking and the hidden debt of local governments, efforts would be made to achieve effective control of macro-leveraging over the next three or so years, to improve the adaptive financial structure, to strengthen the economic capacity of financial services entities, to protect against systemic risks, and to raise the level of virtuous cycles of the economic system.
防控金融风险从何处入手？中央经济工作会议明确指出，要服务于供给侧结构性改革这条主线，促进形成金融和实体经济、金融和房地产、金融体系内部的良性循环。业内人士表示，这既抓住了防控金融风险的“牛鼻子”，又具有极强的针对性，对做好2018年防控金融风险工作具有很好的指导意义。
Where do financial risks come from? The Central Economics Workshop made it clear that it serves the main line of structural reform on the supply side and promotes a virtuous circle within the financial and physical economy, finance and real estate, and financial systems.
首先，实现金融与实体经济良性循环，是防控金融风险的根本举措。其次，实现金融与房地产良性循环，是防控金融风险的重要内容。目前金融业涉及房地产的业务总体平稳，但金融资源过于集中在房地产行业将产生较大风险，特别是在整体宏观杠杆率趋稳的同时，居民部门杠杆率快速飙升值得警惕。再次，实现金融体系内部的良性循环，是防控金融风险的必由之路。
First, achieving a virtuous circle between finance and the real economy is a fundamental measure of financial risk control. Second, achieving a virtuous circle between finance and real estate is an important element of financial risk control.
防控金融风险的大幕早已拉开。中国人民银行行长周小川表示，从货币供应和信贷数据看，2017年初以来，中国已进入去杠杆进程，广义货币供应量M2增速持续放缓，当前已低于9%。整体杠杆率开始出现下降，虽然幅度不大，但趋势已经形成。
According to the Governor of the People’s Bank of China, Zhou Xiaochuan, China has entered the deleveraging process since the beginning of 2017, and the M2 increase in the broader supply of money has continued to slow and is now below 9%. The overall leverage rate has begun to decline, albeit modestly, but the trend has developed.
地方债务要“开前门、堵后门”
Local debt should be “open front door, block back door”
地方政府适度举债有利于地区经济发展，过度举债则会影响全国金融市场乃至社会稳定。目前来看，我国政府负债率总体低于主要市场经济国家和新兴市场国家水平，但一些地方政府负债率较高，还有不少地方政府隐性担保的债务未计入统计，需要引起重视。
Local governments’ modest borrowing contributes to regional economic development, and excessive borrowing affects financial markets and social stability throughout the country. At present, our Government’s debt ratios are generally lower than those of major market economies and emerging market countries, but some local governments have higher debt ratios, and many local governments’ implicitly guaranteed debts are not counted and need attention.
为防范风险，促进经济健康持续发展，党的十八大以来，我国先后修订了预算法，出台了《国务院关于加强地方政府性债务管理的意见》，并推出PPP（即政府和社会资本合作）的创新项目管理模式。
In order to protect against risk and promote the sustainable development of the economy, since the Party's eighteenth year, we have amended our budget law, introduced the State Council's Opinion on Strengthening Local Government Debt Management and introduced an innovative project management model for the PPP (i.e. Government and Social Capital Cooperation).
改革的思路是“开前门、堵后门”，完善地方政府债务管理制度，强化预算硬约束，坚决制止地方政府违法违规融资担保行为，堵住各种不规范渠道。同时通过开好“前门”，满足地方政府合理融资需求，支持地方稳增长、补短板。
The idea of the reform is to “open the front door, block the back door”, improve the local government debt management system, strengthen budgetary constraints, resolutely stop the violation of local governments' financing guarantees, and block irregular channels. At the same time, by opening up the front door, it meets the legitimate financing needs of local governments and supports steady local growth and short-cuts.
不过，由于一些地方政府法治观念薄弱、风险意识不强等原因，违法违规融资担保问题仍时有发生。
However, the problem of irregular financing guarantees continues to arise due to, inter alia, weak perceptions of the rule of law and low risk awareness in some local governments.
财政部要求，进行PPP项目融资，政府需首先进行“物有所值评价”，其次进行“财政承受能力论证”，最后要进入省一级发改委或财政厅PPP项目库，三者缺一不可。然而，一些地方政府因急于吸引社会投资，将有融资需求的地方项目都扣上了PPP的“大帽子”。
The Ministry of Finance requires that PPP projects be financed by the Government, which first conducts a “value-for-money assessment” and, secondly, a “fiscal affordability argument” and finally has to go to the provincial-level IDRC or the Treasury Department's PPP project bank. Some local governments, however, are eager to attract social investment, and local projects with financing needs are kept in the “big hat” of the PPP.
全国人大代表、新怡和控股集团有限公司董事长王刚对半月谈记者表示：“作为一个涉及建筑、环保等多领域的实业企业，我们对PPP等新的政企合作、融资模式有较大的兴趣，但现阶段PPP确实还处于摸索阶段，未来希望能有更多项目、在更多领域、以更规范的形式进入PPP项目库。”
The NPC representative, Wang Kong, Chairman of the Xinyi Holdings Group Ltd., said to a half-month talker: “As a multi-sector business enterprise concerned with construction, environmental protection, we have a greater interest in new models of business cooperation and financing, such as the PPP, but at this stage the PPP is indeed still at the exploitation stage and it is hoped that there will be more projects, more fields, and more regulated access to the PPP Project Bank in the future.”
加速推进“僵尸企业”重整出清
Speed up Zombie Enterprise Reorganization Clearing
我国“僵尸企业”现状如何？中国人民大学发布的《中国僵尸企业研究报告》指出，电力、热力、冶金、石油加工等行业中“僵尸企业”比例较高，多为国有和集体企业。2016年，国务院国资委梳理显示，中央企业需要专项处置和治理的“僵尸企业”及特困企业有2041户，涉及资产3万亿元。
What is the status of our “zombie enterprises”? According to the Chinese Zombie Enterprise Study published by the Chinese People's University, the proportion of “zombie enterprises” in the electricity, heat, metallurgy, oil processing, etc. is higher, mostly State-owned and collective. In 2016, the State Finance Committee of the State Council concluded that there were 2,041 “zombie enterprises” and special hardship enterprises requiring specialized disposal and management by central enterprises, involving an asset of 3 trillion yuan.
从中央到地方，出清“僵尸企业”的战役已经打响。截至2017年末，全国已累计完成1200户“处僵治困”工作任务，其中400户实现出清。
The campaign to clear the Zombie Enterprise has been launched from the central to the local level.
一些地方在出清中取得显著进展。2017年末，重庆市一中院出具的《民事裁定书》确认，A股史上最大的债务重整——重庆钢铁股份有限公司重整计划圆满收官。在重庆市政府大力推进和重庆银监局等多个部门的协同努力下，依托债委会稳贷、引入重组方升级，市场化法制化债转股，重庆钢铁实现脱危解困。
Significant progress has been made in a number of areas in the process of liquidation. In late 2017, the Civil Award issued by the Central Court of Chongqing I confirmed that the largest debt restructuring in the history of the A stock was the successful winding-up of the Chongqing Steel and Steel Company.
重整前，2012年至2016年末，重庆钢铁扣除政府补贴经营性亏损约180亿元，2016年末经评估的账面总负债374亿元，自身基本丧失还本付息能力，债务涉及面广、关联关系复杂、利益攸关方众多，可能发生资金链断裂，形成区域性重大风险。
< b/ > Prior to restructuring, from 2012 to the end of 2016, Chongqing Iron and Steel lost about $18 billion in operating losses on government subsidies, and in late 2016, assessed total book liabilities of $37.4 billion, largely lost its ability to service its debt, the breadth of the debt, the complexity of the relationships and the multiplicity of stakeholders, and the potential for financial chains to break up, posing significant regional risks.
重整完成后，重庆钢铁的资产负债结构显著优化，财务状况大幅改善。成功引入重组方后，其将继续原有钢铁经营业务，并重新优化生产经营格局，降低成本提升经营效率，企业可持续发展能力和竞争力大幅提升。
After the reorganization has been completed, the asset and liability structure of Chongqing has improved significantly, and the financial situation has improved significantly.
尽管成绩明显，出清过程却难言轻松。审计署审计长胡泽君表示，由于涉及面广、时间跨度大等原因，“僵尸企业”处置问题在推进过程中还存在各种困难。
The clean-up process is difficult to say despite the obvious results. The Auditor-General of the Audit Office, Mr. Huzawa, stated that the disposal of the “zombie enterprise” had difficulties in moving forward due to, inter alia, its extensive scope and time span.
国务院发展研究中心企业研究所副所长袁东明建议，近期各地需尽快摸排统计本地区内停产超过一年且复产无望的企业数量，由主要领导牵头，组织相关机构协同配合，集中推动一批停产企业进入破产程序。远期，应逐步完善土地、债务、职工安置、企业破产等方面的制度，提升行政能力，提高市场效率。
The Vice-President of the Business Institute of the Centre for Development Studies of the Department of State, Yuan Dong-ming, has suggested that in the near future, the number of businesses in the region that have ceased production for more than one year and have no prospect of returning to production should be measured as soon as possible.
强化监管，巩固“去虚向实”趋势
Enhanced regulation and consolidation of the “difference to reality” trend
当下，金融上过度的混业也造成一系列乱象，名目繁多的衍生品令人眼花缭乱，同业、通道、资金池、万能险、P2P、现金贷等层出不穷、相互叠加，结果是不断抬高资金成本，加剧实体经济困难。同时，风险传染的渠道极不透明。针对此，2017年监管层频繁出手。
Financial excesses are also causing a series of disruptions, with a wide range of derivatives rife with co-operation, access, capital pools, all-embracing risk, P2P, cash loans, etc., which result in increasing the cost of money and exacerbating real economic difficulties. At the same time, the channels of risk transmission are highly opaque.
在持牌金融机构的监管上，2017年4月，银监会“三违反、三套利、四不当、十乱象”检查，涉及除证券市场外的银行、资管、非标的所有领域，至2018年1月收官，查出问题5.97万个，涉及金额17.65万亿元；2017年7月，国务院金融稳定发展委员会成立，着力加强监管协调，补齐监管短板。
With regard to the regulation of licensed financial institutions, in April 2017, the Banking Supervisory Board examined “three violations, three sets of profits, four irregularities, and all areas other than the securities market, involving banks, management, non-targeting, and, by January 2018, was called upon to identify 597,000 problems, involving a sum of 17,65 trillion yuan; and in July 2017, the State Council's Committee for the Development of Financial Stability was established with a view to strengthening regulatory coordination and correcting regulatory gaps.
监管指挥棒直接带来了资金“去虚向实”的新趋势。银监会披露，截至2017年11月末，理财产品特别是同业理财累计净减3万亿元，理财中的委外投资较年初减少5888亿元。商业银行同业资产负债自2010年来首次收缩。
The supervisory baton is a direct source of new trends in the “realization” of funds. The Board has revealed that, by the end of November 2017, there had been a net decrease of $3 trillion in the cumulative volume of property management, in particular peer finance, and $588.8 billion in out-of-house investment in finance, compared to the beginning of the year.
另一方面，2017年前11个月，银行业新增贷款13.3万亿元，贷款增速自2015年以来首次超过同期资产增速。银监会审慎规制局局长肖远企认为，贷款是商业银行最主要和传统的资产，从这一点可以看出来，银行业回归本源、专注主业的效果在贷款的增量和占比上得到了充分体现。
On the other hand, in the first 11 months of 2017, 13.3 trillion yuan was added to the banking sector, which for the first time outpaced the increase in assets in the same period since 2015. In the view of the Director of the prudential and regulatory body of the Bank's Superintendency, loans are the most important and traditional assets of commercial banks, as can be seen from the fact that the effects of the return of the banking sector to its source and its focus on the main sector are well reflected in the increase in the volume and share of loans.
在非持牌机构的违法经营资金业务方面，近年来，打着创新旗号，在日常消费中蛊惑人心的涉众型金融犯罪越来越多，并呈现出“互联网+传销+非法集资”的复合型新特点。
With regard to the illicit operation of financial resources by non-licensed institutions, in recent years there has been an increase in the number of criminal and criminal financial activities of popular interest, under the guise of innovation, in daily consumption, and a new and complex feature of “Internet + Distribution + Illegal Financing”.
湖北省黄冈市公安局经侦支队有关负责人介绍，涉众型金融犯罪从“实体经济”领域向理财、私募、众筹、网络借贷、虚拟货币等“虚拟经济”方向发展，不仅涉及面广，经济损失不易追还，而且容易出现投资人“抱团维权”，埋下社会稳定隐患。
< b/ > The police department of Huanggang City, Hubei Province, through the relevant head of the investigative unit, explained that financial crimes involving the population were moving from the “real economy” to “virtual economy”, such as money management, private fund-raising, public fund-raising, Internet lending and virtual currency, not only in terms of their scope, but also in terms of economic loss, but also in view of the risk of the investor's “close power” and the risk of social stability.
中国人民大学法学院副院长杨东建议，横向上要充实监管力量，金融办与工商、公安、经信等部门联合监管，建立信息共享、联合行动机制，打击“互联网+传销”的涉众金融犯罪；纵向上要建立互联网金融创新数据库体系，鼓励行业协会、媒体等正确发声，让群众了解什么是真正的金融创新。
< b/ > The Vice-President of the Law School of the People's Republic of China, Yang Dong, suggested that the regulatory powers should be strengthened horizontally, that the Office of Finance, in conjunction with the business, public security and credit sectors, should establish mechanisms for information-sharing and joint action to combat “Internet + Distribution” financial crimes; and that the Internet Financial Innovation Database system should be established vertically to encourage industry associations, media, etc., to make the public aware of real financial innovation.
3 聚焦大难点，让脱贫更精准
党的十八大以来，我国脱贫攻坚取得决定性进展，6000多万贫困人口稳固脱贫，贫困发生率从10.2%下降到3.1%。然而脱贫攻坚越往后，越是难啃的硬骨头，必须聚焦再聚焦、精准再精准，攻克几大难点。
聚焦深度贫困：基础设施、公共服务亟待提升
Focus on Deep Poverty: Infrastructure, Public Services in Need of Upgrading
从吉林省和龙市出发，沿着崎岖山路前行，一座清新整洁的村落跃入眼帘：典型的朝鲜族样式砖瓦房整齐排列，宽阔的水泥路连接家家户户；村部前的广场上，篮球场、健身器械等一应俱全。这就是搬迁后的高岭村。
From Jilin Province and Long City, along the rugged mountain road, a new and clean village leaps into the curtains: the typical Korean-style brick house is well arranged and the broad concrete road connects families; the square in front of the village is full of basketball fields, gymnasiums, etc. This is the village of Takachi after the relocation.
在村民孙立霞家，50多平方米的房子内陈设整洁，客厅、厨房和起居室布局合理，卫生间内装上了电热水器和抽水马桶。“没花一分钱就住进了新房，以前想都不敢想。”孙立霞说。
In the village of Sun Lixia, more than 50 square metres of houses are made clean, the living room, kitchen and living room are reasonably configured, and the bathrooms are equipped with electric water heaters and toilets to pump water. < < b/ > > > > > > >. < In the village of Sun Lixiha, more than 50 square metres of houses have been built. > >
和龙市地处中朝边境，全市22万人口，贫困发生率一度高达21%，是典型的深度贫困地区。近年来，和龙市将易地搬迁扶贫作为脱贫攻坚和城市经济社会发展的重要抓手，计划实施易地搬迁5713人。
and Long City are located on the border between China and China, with a population of 220,000 people in the city, with an incidence of poverty of once as high as 21%, which is a typical area of deep poverty.
与和龙市一样，全国还有不少深度贫困地区。如西藏和四省藏区、南疆四地州、云南怒江、甘肃临夏等地，贫困发生率普遍在20%左右。
As in the case of Long City, there are still a number of deep poverty areas in the country.
这些地区生存环境恶劣，经济发展滞后，如果只对建卡贫困户施策，那些收入刚刚超越贫困线的群众，随时有返贫的风险。除易地搬迁外，这些地区亟待加强基础设施建设，提升公共服务水平，为整体脱贫打下坚实基础。
These areas live in a harsh environment and lag behind in economic development, and those whose incomes are just above the poverty line are at risk of returning to poverty if only advice is given to poor credit-builders. In addition to easy relocation, there is an urgent need to strengthen infrastructure, raise the level of public services, and lay a solid foundation for the overall fight against poverty.
遵义市务川县石朝乡是贵州省20个极贫乡镇之一，全乡有3577户15244人，其中建档立卡贫困户1376户5764人。四五年前，这里一到冬天就断水、断路、断通讯、断电，是典型的边远高寒山区。
The village of Ishigami, the city of Toyokawa, is one of 20 very poor townships in Guizhou province, with 3,577 families, 15244 inhabitants, of which 1,376 are poor families, 5764. Four or five years ago, water was cut off, roads were cut off, communications were cut off, electricity was cut off, and it was a typical remote mountainous area.
为全面突破群众发展难、增收难等困境，2016年以来，石朝乡按照人均10万元投入标准进行集中攻坚，不仅改善了道路、住房、通信等基础设施条件，还按照“人均一担烟、两亩果、两只羊和一头牛”的产业布局，发展传统优势产业和特色产业。
< b/ > In order to break through the difficult conditions of mass development and increased harvests, since 2016 Ishi Qingang commune has concentrated its efforts on a per capita input of 100,000 yuan, improving not only the infrastructure conditions of roads, housing, communications, etc., but also the development of traditionally superior industries and niche industries in accordance with the industrial layout of “one cigarette per person, two acres of fruit, two sheep and one cow”.
石朝乡浪水村贫困户陈忠德说，去年他种了26亩金银花，一亩毛收入达3600元，是种苞谷的五六倍。“除去化肥、人工采摘等成本，去年卖金银花有3万多元的纯收入。”陈忠德说。
Chen Trund, a poor family in the village of Ishigami, said that he planted 26 acres of gold and silver last year, with a gross income of $3,600, which is five or six times the cost of planting herds. “Exploring the costs of fertilizer, artificial pick-up, etc., there were 30,000 pure and diversified revenues from selling gold and silver last year.” Chen Trut said.
“将深度贫困地区这个最坚固的‘堡垒’攻下来了，就取得了脱贫攻坚这场硬仗的关键性、决定性胜利。今后，在攻坚方式上，要从全面推进帮扶向更加注重深度贫困地区攻坚转变。”甘肃省扶贫办主任任燕顺说。
“Breaking down the most entrenched fortress in a deep-poor region, the key and decisive victory in the fight against poverty will be achieved. In the future, the way to do it, it will be necessary to move from a comprehensive push to a more pro-poor one.” Yan, President of the Gansu Department for Poverty Reduction, said.
聚焦精神贫困：富口袋更要富脑袋
focuses on mental poverty: rich pockets are richer
拔穷根、改穷相、换穷貌，扶贫是一场来不得半点含糊的硬仗。然而，穷根不单在口袋更在脑袋，拔不掉思想上的穷根，就树不起致富奔小康的自信，还随时可能返贫。
The fight against poverty is a hard battle that must not be made vague. However, not only is poverty in its pockets more in its head, but it cannot be removed from its intellectual roots, it cannot afford the self-confidence to be rich and to return to poverty at any time.
贵州省赤水市司法局干部李莉说，近3年他们发现了13起钻扶贫政策空子不赡养老人的案件，有的贫困户甚至屡次向帮扶干部“借钱”，并扬言不借钱，脱贫就不签字、第三方评估时就答复不满意。
< b/ > Lee Lilly, a member of the Department of Justice of Chihua City, Guizhou Province, said that in the last three years they had discovered 13 cases of poverty-reduction policies that did not support the elderly, some poor families had repeatedly “borrowed money” from their helpers and threatened not to borrow money, so that they would not sign out to escape poverty, and the third party was not satisfied with the assessment.
在脱贫已取得一定成绩的今天，扶志、富脑袋尤为重要。64岁的韩清亮是河南滑县城关镇东唐庄村曾经的贫困户。“现在6亩地的收成加上收购废木头挣的钱，一年有2万多元，日子越过越好。”
Today, when you have achieved some success in the fight against poverty, it is particularly important that you have a rich head. Sixty-four-year-old Han Qingqiang is a former poor family in the village of Don Tang Jian, the town of Henan Qingzhou. "Now, six acres of land are harvested and the money generated by the acquisition of waste wood is more than 20,000 a year, and the day is better to pass."
滑县县委书记董良鸿说，扶贫先扶志，只有不断强化贫困户的自我脱贫意识，才能引导他们由“要我脱贫”变成“我要脱贫”，走上永续脱贫。
The District Committee Secretary, Dong Liang Hong, said that only by strengthening the self-awareness of poor households prior to poverty alleviation can they be led from “I want to get out of poverty” to “I want to get out of poverty” and go out of poverty forever.
海南省昌江黎族自治县王下乡位于霸王岭国家级自然保护区腹地。这里群峰叠翠，是我国热带生物资源最丰富的地区之一。然而，森林覆盖率95%的背后，是群山阻隔，贫穷代代相传。
< b/ > Wang Quanjiang, Luang Autonomous District, Hainan Province, is located in the heart of the High King's Ridge National Nature Reserve. This is one of the most abundant areas of the country's tropical biological resources. However, behind 95% of the forest cover is the barrier between mountains and the transmission of poverty from generation to generation.
2006年以前，王下乡初中毕业生连续15年无人考取普通高中。从2006年起，王下乡将贫困、边远农村义务教育阶段的学生迁移到教学条件相对优越的县城读书，让农村孩子与城镇孩子享受一样的优质教育资源，开创了全新的教育扶贫模式。
Up to 2006, Wang's junior secondary school graduates were left unattended for 15 consecutive years. Since 2006, Wang's village has moved students from poor and remote rural areas to sub-districts with relatively good teaching conditions, enabling rural children to enjoy the same quality education resources as their urban counterparts, creating a new model of education and poverty alleviation.
“要不是到了县城读书，我也就不可能考上大学，或许像父辈一样，永远走不出大山。”毕业于海南省琼台师范高等专科学校的张志成说。这个来自王下乡钱铁村的黎族男孩，如今在海口一家房地产公司上班。
“I wouldn't have been able to go to college if I hadn't gone to school in the county city, perhaps I would never have been able to leave the mountain like my parents.” Zhang Zhisheng, a graduate of the Jongtai Pedagogical College in Hainan province, is a Lebanese boy from the village of Wang Chenjio, who now works in a real estate company in Haiguchi.
10年间，王下乡有932名孩子走出大山，其中108人实现了大学梦。“教育扶贫见效虽慢，却是釜底抽薪。”昌江县委书记黄金城说，针对一些深层次贫困问题，特别是解决贫困群众思想上的贫困问题，需要几代人的努力。
In 10 years, there were 932 children out of the mountains in Wang's hometown, of whom 108 achieved their university dream. “Educational poverty, though slow, is a paycheck.” According to the Commissioner of the Changjiang County, Golden City, a number of deep-seated poverty problems, especially among poor people, require generations of effort.
聚焦支出型贫困：啃下“因病致贫”硬骨头
Focused on Poverty: Eating
隆冬的大巴山区，2018年的第一场积雪仍未消融。1月16日下午3点，39岁的麻志亮披上外衣准备出门，乘坐班车前往镇巴县中医院，进行他的第109次血液透析。
At 3 p.m. on January 16, 39-year-old Mo Chi-hsiang will be ready to leave his home in a shuttle bus for his 109th blood dialysis.
麻志亮是陕西省汉中市镇巴县三元镇刘家沟村村民。患病前，他在镇上做水电工维持一家4口人的生计，加上家里的几亩田地收成，“日子还算不错”。2015年12月，麻志亮被查出肾衰竭，从那时起必须定期到县中医院进行血液透析。
Mo Chi Liang is a villager in Liu Jia Gou village, Khan central commune, Ba subdistrict, Shaanxi province. Prior to his illness, he worked as a waterworker in the town to support a family of four, adding to the harvest of a few acres of land in the family, a “good day” was observed. In December 2015, Mo Chi Liang was found to have a kidney failure, and regular blood dialysis had to be carried out in the district hospitals since then.
不菲的医疗费用和不可逆的病情，让这个家庭一度沉浸在忧愁和无望中。直至2017年，随着我国健康扶贫政策推进，麻志亮一家的生活才有了转机。
The cost of medical care and irreversible conditions have left the family in a state of sorrow and hopelessness. It was only in 2017 that the life of the family was transformed as a result of our healthy pro-poor policies.
在我国，类似麻志亮家一样的支出型贫困很多，尤其是因病致贫、因病返贫的形势严峻。能否破解这一难题，关系到将近一半贫困家庭能否如期脱贫，对全面建成小康社会具有重要意义。
In my country, spending-type poverty, like that of the Hosang family, is high, especially in the case of poverty-stricken diseases and the return to poverty-stricken diseases. The solution to this challenge is linked to the fact that nearly half of the poor families are on track to emerge from poverty and are important for the full realization of a well-being society.
据统计，2015年底，河南省平舆县建档立卡贫困人口中因病致贫占比31%，到了2016年底这一比例则接近40%，尽管贫困人口总量减少，但因病致贫比重却不降反增。为此，2016年，平舆县开始了“互联网+分级诊疗+健康扶贫”的探索。
According to statistics, at the end of 2015, 31% of the population living in poverty in Pingjong County, Henan Province, accounted for 31% of the population living in poverty. By the end of 2016, this proportion was close to 40%, and although the total number of people living in poverty has decreased, the proportion of people living in poverty has not increased.
同时，平舆还出台一系列政策，免除贫困户基本医疗保险参保费、提高门诊和住院报销比例。平舆县卫计委副主任郭君启表示，一年时间，已有1.4万人次贫困患者获益。
At the same time, he has introduced a series of policies to exempt poor households from basic health insurance coverage and to increase the rate of reimbursement for outpatient and hospital care.
不过就全国而言，这一问题仍然严峻。海南省人民医院医务处副处长陈涛表示，当务之急，是要给贫困群众建立医疗健康档案，摸清家底，同时加大医疗保障，扩大医保用药目录，让一些贫困群众的大病走特殊医疗救助体系，缓解其支出压力。
However, the problem remains serious throughout the country. Chen Tao, Deputy Director of the Medical Service of the People’s Hospital in Hainan Province, stated that it was imperative to create a medical health file for the needy population, to map the family floor, and to increase medical security, to expand the list of health-care medications, and to reduce the burden of expenditure on the special medical care system for some of the poor population.
4 污染防治，变压力为动力
决胜全面小康，污染问题是一大短板。党的十八大以来，中央推进生态文明建设决心之大、力度之大、成效之大前所未有。与此同时，人民群众对生态环境的需求日益提高，污染防治的好势头仍需巩固。当前，中央和地方工作力度空前，各级领导干部、工作人员须变压力为动力，着力解决突出环境问题，真正推动人与自然和谐发展。
At the same time, the population’s demand for the environment is increasing, and the momentum for pollution control still needs to be consolidated. At this time, there is an unprecedented degree of effort at the central and local levels, with leaders and staff at all levels becoming more pressure-driven, focusing on environmental issues and genuinely promoting the harmonious development of people and nature.
治理最痛处：大气、水、土壤
Governance most painful: atmosphere, water, soil
呼吸清新的空气，喝上干净的水，吃上绿色无污染农产品，是人民群众的迫切期盼。去年以来，有关部门和地方继续以大气、水、土壤污染治理为重点，多措并举补齐生态环境短板，回应百姓期待。
Breathe new air, drink clean water, and eat green and non-polluting agricultural products, which is an urgent aspiration of the people.
首先就是打响蓝天保卫战。自2013年“大气十条”实施以来，各地各部门出招亮剑，治理燃煤、工业污染、机动车排放和施工扬尘等污染源，各地PM2.5年均浓度持续下降。环保部统计数据显示，2017年全国338个地级及以上城市平均优良天数比例为78%，PM2.5和PM10浓度均同比下降。
First and foremost, the Blue Sky Defense War. Since the implementation of the "Ten Atmospheres" in 2013, various sectors have shown swords to combat sources of pollution such as coal combustion, industrial pollution, motor vehicle emissions and construction dust, and the average annual concentration of PM2.5 has continued to decline. Ministry of the Environment statistics show an average of 78% of good days in the country's 338 local levels and above in 2017, and PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations have decreased by the same amount.
蓝天，正一年比一年多起来。近期的北京，蓝天成为常态让不少人“深感意外”。北京市环保监测中心副主任刘保献说，2017年，北京市PM2.5年均浓度为58微克/立方米，较上年下降20.5%。
Blue Sky, more than a year ago. Recently, in Beijing, Blue Sky became the norm for many people “deeply surprised.” Liu Bao, Deputy Director of the Beijing Environmental Monitoring Centre, said that in 2017 the average annual concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing City was 58 ug/m3, 20.5% lower than in the previous year.
以河长制全面推行为重点，更多河湖重焕生机活力。在加大重点流域污染治理的同时，按照中央要求，各地全面推行河长制、湖长制。河南等地宣布建成省、市、县、乡、村五级河长体系，山东明确由省委书记、省长担任总河长，各地还要求加强水资源保护、水污染防治、水环境治理等，并出台了具体的保障措施。
Focusing on the full implementation of the river-long system, more rivers and lakes are rejuvenated. In addition to increasing the control of pollution in priority watersheds, river-long and lake-long systems are being implemented everywhere, as required by the central authorities. Henan, among others, has announced the establishment of a five-tier river-long system at the provincial, municipal, county, village and village levels, Shandong is clearly represented by its secretary-general, the governor-general, and the strengthening of water resources protection, water pollution prevention, water environment management, etc., and specific safeguards are being put in place.
水污染治理的成果正在惠及百姓。长春市母亲河伊通河上游的南溪湿地公园自去年9月末开园以来，成了市民们采风赏景的好去处。长春市民杨爽见证了“臭水泡”换新颜的变化：“现在我们一家人有空就过来赏赏景、散散步，非常舒服！”
The results of water pollution control are reaching the population. The South Creek wetland park in the upper Itoon River, where Changchun's mother is based, has been a good venue for citizens since its opening in late September last year.
在大气、水污染治理取得积极成效的同时，土壤污染治理也在大力推进。
While positive results have been achieved in the management of air and water pollution, soil pollution control has also advanced significantly.
全国人大常委会首次审议土壤污染防治法草案，释放了加大土壤污染防治力度的信号。东北黑土地保护利用项目持续实施，很多农民开始告别常年不翻地、不上有机肥的掠夺性耕作方式，以秸秆翻压还田为代表的深松整地耕作方式正在黑土地上流行起来。
The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress for the first time considered a draft law on soil pollution prevention and control, which sent a signal of increased soil pollution prevention and control. The Northeast Black Land Conservation and Utilization Project is continuing, with many farmers starting to bid farewell to their annual predatory farming methods, which are not organic fatting, and the deep, loose-land farming methods, which are represented by stubble retrenchment of the fields, are gaining ground in the black land.
再上新台阶：仍需持续攻坚
>. < strong > >. . >. . >. < strong >. >.........................................................................................................................................................................................
“去年的空气质量变化很明显，恼人的雾霾天少了，蓝天白云多了，空气净化器开启的次数少了，去洗车的频次也减少了。”天津市民黄女士说，希望政府相关部门今后能以更大的决心，出台更严的标准、更实的举措，让蓝天常驻、碧水长青。
“The changes in air quality over the past year have been evident, with less haze, more blue and white clouds, fewer air purifiers opened and fewer car washes.” Ms. Tianjin Yung said that it was to be hoped that in the future the relevant government departments would show greater determination and put in place more standardized and realistic initiatives to make the blue sky permanent and green.
环保部部长李干杰认为，产业结构、能源结构、运输结构尽管有一些改善、有一些进步，但总体上还不是特别理想，重化工业在产业结构中依然占比过高，煤炭在能源结构中比重仍然过大，运输结构依旧以公路运输为主，影响着大气污染治理的步伐。
The Minister of Environmental Protection, Li Gangjie, argued that despite some improvements and improvements in the industrial structure and transport structure, the rechemical industry as a whole was not ideal, that the industrial structure was still over-represented, that coal was still over-represented in the energy structure, and that the transport structure continued to be dominated by road transport, affecting the pace of atmospheric pollution management.
环保部新闻发言人刘友宾表示，要按照中央经济工作会议要求，继续下功夫调整三大结构。同时，京津冀及周边地区将持续实施秋冬季大气污染综合治理攻坚行动，请专家团队对“大气十条”实施情况进行评估，提出更精准的治污对策，明确打赢蓝天保卫战的时间表和路线图。
Liu Yu Bin, the news spokesman for the Ministry of Environmental Protection, said that the three main structures would continue to be adjusted in accordance with the requirements of the Central Economic Workshop. At the same time, Kyojin and the surrounding areas will continue to implement the integrated management of air pollution during the autumn and winter months. The team of experts will be asked to assess the implementation of the “10 atmospheres” and to propose a more precise response to the problem, with a clear timetable and road map for winning the Blue Sky defense battle.
水污染和土壤污染治理方面，则将全面实施“水十条”和“土十条”。
With regard to water and soil pollution control, “10 water” and “10 soil” will be fully implemented.
在各省召开的2018年地方人代会上，防治污染都被列入今年工作重点，绿色低碳、高质量、可持续的发展成为各地未来主攻方向。
< b/ > At the Local People's Congress 2018 held in the provinces, the fight against pollution was included in this year's focus, with green low-carbon, high-quality, sustainable development becoming the main thrust of future efforts everywhere.
全国人大代表、吉林省长景俊海说，“要坚定不移打好污染防治攻坚战”。2018年，吉林将下大气力治理雾霾，城市环境空气质量优良天数比例超过国家要求77%的目标。同时推进松花江、东辽河、伊通河、浑江等重点流域治理，确保城镇供水水源地水质达标。
The National People's Congress, Governor of Jilin, said, “To remain steadfast in combating pollution and fighting the battle.” In 2018, Gilling will control the haze from the atmosphere, and the proportion of days of good air quality in the urban environment exceeds the national target of 77%. At the same time, it will promote the management of priority watersheds such as the Songhua River, the East Liao River, the Itoon River, and the Chokjiang River to ensure that the water quality of the water supply of towns and cities is met.
湖南省也提出，2018年必须打好污染防治攻坚战。重点打赢长株潭地区蓝天保卫战；加强水污染防治，强化河湖管理和保护，推动全省流域水环境综合整治；积极推动土壤污染防治，开展长株潭耕地修复治理及农作物种植结构调整。
< b/ > Hunan Province also proposed that pollution prevention and control must be combated in 2018. The focus should be on winning the battle for the blue sky in the long-barrelled area; strengthening water pollution control, strengthening river and lake management and protection, and promoting integrated management of the water environment throughout the province; and actively promoting soil pollution prevention, remediation of long-barrel cropland rehabilitation and restructuring of crop cultivation.
改革加速度：补上制度漏洞
< strong> Reform acceleration: filling institutional gaps
2017年，《国家环境保护标准“十三五”发展规划》《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法（草案）》《生活垃圾分类制度实施方案》等数十个重磅文件发布，成为环保政策“爆发年”。2018年1月，环保政策再迎密集落地期。据不完全统计，已有数十条环保新政于1月1日正式实施。
In 2017, the National Environmental Protection Standard “13th Five” Development Plan, the Draft Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution, and the Program for the Implementation of the System of Classification of Domestic Waste, were published as dozens of heavy documents and became the “year of outbreak” of environmental policy. In January 2018, environmental policy was re-emerged. According to incomplete statistics, dozens of new environmental policies were officially implemented on 1 January.
党的十九大报告提出，提高污染排放标准，强化排污者责任，健全环保信用评价、信息强制性披露、严惩重罚等制度。“就是要改革这些领域的体制机制，加快污染防治基础制度建设，尽快补上制度漏洞。”中央财经领导小组办公室副主任杨伟民说。
The Party’s 19th Report proposes to raise the standards for pollution emissions, strengthen the liability of the polluters, improve environmental credit evaluation, mandatory disclosure of information, and impose severe penalties. “It is to reform the institutional mechanisms in these areas, speed up the infrastructure for pollution prevention and control, and fill the institutional gaps as soon as possible.” According to Yang Weimin, Deputy Director of the Central Financial and Economic Leadership Group.
方向已明确，改革已布置，关键在落实。
Directions are clear, reforms are in place and key to implementation.
有关专家表示，近年来我国围绕生态文明建设出台了一系列大政方针，但各地政策落地进展不一。当前，尤其要推动生态补偿、国家公园建设、生态保护红线划定和应用等重点基础性工作落到实处，推动建立生态文明建设长效机制，对进展较慢的部门和地区严肃问责。
The experts indicated that, in recent years, the country has developed a series of broad policy approaches to the construction of eco-civilization, but that policies have varied from one region to another. In particular, priority and foundational work such as ecological compensation, the construction of national parks, the delimitation and application of ecological protection red lines, and the establishment of long-term mechanisms for the construction of eco-civilization are being promoted, with serious accountability for sectors and regions where progress has been slow.
环境保护部华南环境科学研究所高级工程师张音波认为，生态环保问题不仅仅是环保部门的事情，中央可推动各地通过建立环境保护委员会的形式，延续在环保督察中形成的联合办公工作机制，集中资源对生态环境问题进行精准处理，形成长效的问题快速解决处置机制。
< b/> The Senior Engineer of the South China Institute of Environmental Sciences of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Zhang Xinbo, believes that the issue of eco-environmental protection is not only a matter for the environmental sector, but that the central authority can promote the continuation of the joint office working mechanism created by the Environmental Protection Committee, which is being used by the Environmental Protection Inspectorate to concentrate resources on the precise treatment of ecological issues and create a mechanism for the rapid resolution of long-term problems.
还有专家建议，有关部门和地方可参照纪检系统举报平台，整合环境保护、市容环境、国土、林业、建设等部门生态环境保护问题方面的投诉渠道，建立全国统一平台，为百姓顺利举报环境问题提供便利。
< b/ > It was also suggested that relevant authorities and local authorities could refer to the reporting platform of the disciplinary system, consolidate channels of complaint on environmental protection issues in sectors such as environmental protection, municipal environment, national territory, forestry, construction, etc., and establish a national unified platform to facilitate the smooth reporting of environmental problems by the population.
国家城市环境污染控制技术研究中心研究员彭应登认为，污染防治攻坚战不是简单增加污染治理设施，更多涉及产业结构调整和经济发展方式转变，需要全社会生产和消费结构的绿色转型，调动各方面力量，形成政府、企业、公众共同参与的社会共治体系。
< b/ > Researcher Peng Kei Ten, National Centre for Urban Environmental Pollution Control and Research, argues that pollution prevention and control is not simply an increase in pollution control facilities, that it is more about industrial restructuring and transformation of economic development, that it requires a green transformation of the production and consumption structure of society as a whole, and that it mobilizes forces to form a social co-management system involving government, business and the public.
吉林省环保厅副厅长孙铁说：“只有集中力量，以攻坚的态度、决心、措施，解决好现存的突出环境问题，才能不断缩小与人民群众对优美环境需求的差距，才能尽快补齐环境短板。”
The Deputy Director General of the Department of Environmental Protection of Jilin Province, Sun Tie, said: “Only by focusing his efforts on aggressiveness, determination and measures to address the outstanding environmental problems that exist can the gap between the people's needs for a beautiful environment be reduced and the environment closed as soon as possible.”
半月声音
5 支持民营企业就是加大补贴？
党的十九大报告提出，“支持民营企业发展，激发各类市场主体活力”。那么，如何支持民营企业发展？在一些地方政府看来，最直接的支持就是“给钱”“减免”“加大补贴”。
The Party's 19th Report states that “support for private enterprise development to stimulate the dynamism of the various market players.” So how can support private enterprise development? In the view of some local governments, the most direct support is the “grant” “reduce” and “subsidized” “subsidization”.
所谓对民营企业的补贴，就是为了某种特定的经济和社会目标，向民营企业提供的一种资金扶持或补偿。这是国际上常用方式，也是实现政府“看得见的手”调控有效性的重要手段。
The so-called subsidies for private enterprises are a form of financial support or compensation provided to private enterprises for a specific economic and social purpose. This is a common international approach and an important means of achieving the effectiveness of government “visible hands” regulation.
基层常用的补贴方式包括财政拨款、财政贴息、税收返还、研究开发补贴、政策性补贴等。一方面，补贴方向就是经济导向，是行业或企业自觉接受调控的“指挥棒”；另一方面，这些补贴是政府实现宏观经济目标、优化资源配置采取的必要手段。
Subsidies commonly used at the grass-roots level include fiscal allocations, fiscal discounts, tax returns, research and development subsidies, and policy subsidies. On the one hand, subsidies are oriented towards economic orientation and are self-regulated “sticks of command” for industries or enterprises; on the other hand, they are necessary tools for governments to achieve macroeconomic goals and optimize resource allocation.
毋庸置疑，通过优化政策乃至财政直接发“红包”，实行合理有效的财政补贴，能对民营经济乃至整个经济社会发展起到“四两拨千斤”的作用，使公共资源得以优化配置，有限的财政资金作用得以放大。
There is no doubt that a reasonable and effective fiscal subsidy, through optimal policies and even direct “red packages” of finance, can serve as a “four or two kilograms” for the private economy and for the economic and social development of society as a whole, allowing optimal allocation of public resources and a widening of the role of limited financial resources.
不过，在具体实践中，财政对民营企业补贴也确实不同程度地存在补贴对象不明晰、补贴落实歪曲走样、补贴资金被挪用、企业造假骗补、补贴流程缺乏监管等问题，导致补贴资金“打水漂”，甚至起到“反效果”。
In practice, however, financial subsidies to private enterprises do exist to varying degrees, with issues such as the lack of clarity about the target of subsidies, the distortion of their implementation, the misappropriation of subsidy funds, business fraud, and the lack of regulation of the subsidy process, leading to the “floating” or even the “reverse effect” of the subsidy funds.
实际上，政府的补贴行为虽然刺激了部分企业的快速发展，但对别的企业未必公平。补贴之外政府更需要做的，是营造发展环境，强化要素保障，积极引导广大民营企业家弘扬新时代企业家精神。
In fact, government subsidies, while stimulating the rapid growth of some firms, are not necessarily fair to others. What is more important than subsidies is to create a development environment, strengthen factor guarantees, and actively direct private entrepreneurs to promote entrepreneurship in the new era.
一要营造更加公平的发展环境。很多民营企业家表示，民营企业不惧怕任何激烈的公平竞争，包括不惧和国际行业巨头竞争，但就怕不公平竞争、桌面下的比拼。他们希望，在转变政府职能上，政府服务多一点，融资歧视少一点；在完善市场体系上，公平竞争多一点，行业垄断少一点；在企业生存环境上，法治规则多一点，人治折腾少一点。
A more equitable development environment is needed. Many private entrepreneurs say that private enterprises are not afraid of any fierce and fair competition, including big players in the international industry, but are afraid of unfair competition and competition under the table. They hope that, in transforming government functions, there will be more government services and less discrimination in financing; in improving the market system, there will be more fair competition and less monopoly in the industry; and in the business environment, there will be less rule of law and less rule of law.
二要继续强化产权保护、尤其是知识产权保护。不少民营企业家谈到，在当前的转型压力下，企业不创新、不求变，早晚会被市场淘汰，而一旦投入创新，又怕被别人剽窃，自己还是竹篮打水一场空。他们呼吁进一步加强知识产权保护，为创新撑腰，更好地调动民营企业进行科技研发的积极性。
II Continue to strengthen the protection of property rights, especially intellectual property rights. A number of private entrepreneurs have spoken of the fact that, under the current pressures of transformation, businesses do not innovate, do not want to change, will be out of the market sooner or later, and when they invest in innovation and are afraid of being stolen from others, they call for greater intellectual property protection, support for innovation, and better mobilization of private enterprises for scientific and technological research and development.
三要破解金融、土地、人才等共性要素制约。一位农业领域的民营企业家说，他们在滩涂上规模化种植了2万多亩农作物，投资1亿多元，却贷不到1分钱。这种事情有一定的普遍性。政府支持民营企业发展，就应该在它们面临的共性难题上多着力，通过制度性建设，为民营企业发展提供普惠性的支撑。
Three addresses the common elements of finance, land, talent, etc. A private entrepreneur in the agricultural sector said that they had planted more than 20,000 acres of crops on the beach, invested more than 100 million in diversity, but did not lend a penny. This was something of a universal nature. By supporting private enterprise development, governments should invest more in the common challenges they faced and provide inclusive support for private enterprise development through institutional development.
四要继续深化“放管服”综合改革，优化民企营商环境。近年来的一系列改革，确实在很大程度上为民营企业“松了绑”，但仍有一些地方政府部门，改革措施处于“悬浮”状态，企业办事流程依然繁杂，仍需请客送礼疏通关系。不少民营企业家表示，补贴有没有不重要，重要的是，政府是不是真正的服务型政府。
Four. A series of reforms in recent years have indeed been largely untied for private enterprises, but there are still some local government departments with “suspension” reforms, business processes are still cumbersome, and customers are still required to give gifts. Many private entrepreneurs say that subsidies are not important, and that what matters is whether the government is a real service government.
6 新时代国家安全思想新在何处？
党的十九大报告提出：“人民美好生活需要日益广泛，不仅对物质文化生活提出了更高要求，而且在民主、法治、公平、正义、安全、环境等方面的要求日益增长。”作为人民美好生活需要之一，安全在十九大报告中得到了前所未有的系统论述和布局。那么，新时代国家安全思想新在何处?
The Party’s 19th Report states: “The people’s need for a better life is growing, not only in terms of demands for material and cultural life, but also in terms of democracy, the rule of law, equity, justice, security, and the environment.” As one of the people’s needs for a better life, security has been discussed and laid out in an unprecedentedly systematic manner in the 19th Report. So, where is the idea of national security in the new era?
一新：安全与发展并重
new: security and development with emphasis on
新时代国家安全思想，强调安全与发展并重，构建了一个统筹安全与发展两个方面的新时代国家大方略。
< b/ > A new era of national security, with an emphasis on security and development, has shaped a new era of national strategies that integrate the two dimensions of security and development.
改革开放以来，我国一直强调以经济建设为中心，把发展作为头等大事和第一要务，使我国经济社会在40年中迅速发展。但是，随着改革开放的深入，特别是社会物质财富的积累，各种安全问题变得日益突出，这就在客观上要求更加重视国家安全问题。
Since the reform and opening up of the country, the emphasis on economic development as a top priority and a top priority has enabled our economy and society to develop rapidly in 40 years. However, with the deepening of the opening of the reform and, in particular, the accumulation of the material wealth of society, security issues have become increasingly prominent, which objectively calls for greater attention to national security issues.
在这种情况下，习近平总书记在2014年4月15日中央国家安全委员会第一次会议上，确立了安全与发展并重的治国理政新思想、新方略。他指出，必须“既重视发展问题，又重视安全问题，发展是安全的基础，安全是发展的条件，富国才能强兵，强兵才能卫国”。
In this context, Secretary-General Xi Jinping, at the first meeting of the Central National Security Council on 15 April 2014, established a new vision and new approach to governance with a strong focus on security and development. He pointed out that it is essential “to focus on development issues as well as security issues, that development is the foundation of security and that security is the condition for development, that the rich countries be strong and that the powerful be able to defend the country”.
后来，习近平总书记在许多场合反复强调安全与发展并重这一重要思想。他在十九大报告中明确指出：“统筹发展和安全，增强忧患意识，做到居安思危，是我们党治国理政的一个重大原则。”
Subsequently, Secretary-General Xi Jinping repeatedly emphasized security and development on many occasions and emphasized this important idea. In his nineteenth report, he made it clear that “integrated development and security, increased awareness of distress and security, and security were a key principle in the governance of our party.”
二新：以人民安全为宗旨
strong> II: for the safety of the people
在科学定位安全与发展关系的前提下，新时代国家安全思想强调“以人民安全为宗旨”。
In the context of scientific positioning of the relationship between security and development, the new era of national security emphasizes “the security of the people”.
2014年4月15日中央国家安全委员会第一次会议上，习近平总书记指出，必须坚持总体国家安全观，以人民安全为宗旨，以政治安全为根本，以经济安全为基础，以军事、文化、社会安全为保障，以促进国际安全为依托，走出一条中国特色国家安全道路。把“人民安全”作为国家安全的重中之重，是新时代总体国家安全观的特点和新意。
At the first meeting of the Central National Security Council on 15 April 2014, General Secretary Xi Jinping stated that it was important to adhere to the general concept of national security, based on the security of the people, based on political security, on economic security, and on military, cultural, and social security, in order to promote international security, and to move out of a path of national security that is unique to China.
此后，习近平总书记多次强调国家安全“以人民安全为宗旨”。2016年4月15日首个全民国家安全教育日到来之际，他在题词中写道：“要坚持国家安全一切为了人民、一切依靠人民”。2017年2月17日，在国家安全工作座谈会上，他进一步指出：“国家安全工作归根结底是保障人民利益，要坚持国家安全一切为了人民、一切依靠人民，为群众安居乐业提供坚强保障。”
Since then, the Secretary-General of Xi has repeatedly stressed that national security “is aimed at the safety of the people”. On the occasion of the first National Security Education Day for All on 15 April 2016, he wrote: “To uphold national security for the sake of the people and for the sake of the people, all depends on the people.” On 17 February 2017, at a symposium on national security work, he further stated that “national security is ultimately to safeguard the interests of the people and to uphold national security for the sake of the people, all dependent on the people, and to provide strong guarantees for the well-being of the people”.
三新：统筹国家安全一切方面
Three new: integration of all aspects of national security
当代国家安全是一个十分庞大复杂的社会大系统，不仅包括军事、政治、主权、领土等传统安全问题，也包括信息、网络、生态、交通等非传统安全问题，同时还面临着许多可以预测和难以预测的风险因素。而总体国家安全观是一个能够统领我们国家所有安全问题的国家安全新思维。
Contemporary national security is a very large and complex social system, encompassing not only traditional security issues, such as military, political, sovereign, territorial, but also non-traditional security issues, such as information, networks, ecology, and transport, but also many predictable and unpredictable risk factors. The overall national security concept is a new national security thinking that can take over all security issues in our country.
在2017年国家安全工作座谈会上，习近平总书记把社会治安、交通安全、生产安全等纳入国家安全领域，要求“加强交通运输、消防、危险化学品等重点领域安全生产治理，遏制重特大事故的发生”。这说明，国家安全已超出政治、军事、外交、情报等传统领域，而囊括一个国家的所有安全问题。
At the 2017 National Security Symposium, General Secretary Xi Jinping integrated social security, traffic safety, production safety, etc. into national security and called for “enhancement of safe production governance in priority areas such as transport, fire protection, hazardous chemicals, and containment of major accidents”. This indicates that national security extends beyond the traditional areas of politics, military, diplomacy, intelligence, etc. and encompasses all the security concerns of a country.
习近平总书记在十九大报告中对“坚持总体国家安全观”进行了系统阐述。他指出：“必须坚持国家利益至上，以人民安全为宗旨，以政治安全为根本，统筹外部安全和内部安全、国土安全和国民安全、传统安全和非传统安全、自身安全和共同安全，完善国家安全制度体系，加强国家安全能力建设，坚决维护国家主权、安全、发展利益。”
Secretary-General Xi Jinping, in his nineteenth report, systematically described “the maintenance of a general view of national security”. He stated: “It is essential to uphold the primacy of the national interest, with the aim of the security of the people as its fundamental element, the integration of external and internal security, national, traditional and non-traditional security, self-security and common security, the improvement of the system of national security, the strengthening of national security capacity-building, and the firm defence of national sovereignty, security and development interests.”
“坚持总体国家安全观”写入十九大报告，并纳入坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的十四条基本方略，成为新时代维护国家安全的行动指南，将发挥深远影响。
“Consistent with the general view of national security”, which was included in the report of the nineteenth session and incorporated 14 basic strategies for the maintenance and development of socialism with Chinese identity, will have far-reaching implications as a guide for action to preserve national security in the new era.
半月调查
7 任你门前排长龙，半闭窗口就不开
机场、车站安检口，旅客排成长队；医院挂号口、取药口，患者、家属摩肩接踵；银行网点窗口、水电气交费口，市民列队翘首……在“放管服”改革大力推行的当下，与“马上就办”“只跑一次”等政府办事方式相比，一些公共服务行业却“风光依旧”：“开半扇门、关半扇门”，开一半窗口，关一半窗口，让前来办事的群众止步于“一米线”前。
Airports, station security checkpoints, passenger growth queues; hospital gates, pharmacies, patients, families, swirling links; bank nodes, water and electricity interfaces, public queues are high... Some public service industries are “flashing” when compared to “only one run” government practices such as “run immediately”, open half a door, close half a window, close half a window, and keep the crowd on “one metre” ahead of the “one metre” reform.
“半扇门”外，一米之距“特熬心”
Outside Half-Door, 1 metre's Stewardship
晚上12点，东部省会城市一家儿科医院内，就诊患者已排到400多位，候诊大厅挤满了患儿和家长，但医院只有2名夜班医生接诊，不少就诊通道并未开启。虽然每隔三五分钟就叫一个号，但后续赶来的患儿和家长使得候诊队伍不断加长。
At 12 p.m., there are more than 400 patients in a paediatric hospital in the capital city of Eastern Province, with waiting halls full of sick children and parents, but there are only two night doctors in the hospital, many of which have not been opened.
正在排队的患儿家长王林，多次在夜间带孩子来这里看病。“排两三个小时的队，打完针就得清晨四五点了。”他说，看病几分钟、排队两小时，反差太大。孩子一发烧、腹泻，家长难免心急，家长和导医人员争吵的情形时有出现。
The affected parents, Wang Lin, who are in line to bring their children to visit them at night many times. < > > > >. "Two or three hours in line, you get a shot at 4:00 a.m. > > >. He says that it's a big difference when a child has a fever, a diarrhea, parents are in a hurry, parents are in a fight with a doctor.
一边是群众排长队，一边是服务能力闲置，群众办事被挡在“一米线”外。半月谈记者调查发现，在一些大中城市，公立医院、水电燃气公司、火车站、大银行等身负公共服务职责的窗口，“开半扇门、关半扇门”现象普遍存在。
On the one hand, there are long queues of people, while on the other hand, there is no service capacity, and the mass work is kept out of the “one metre line.” A half-monthly reporter survey found that in some large and medium-sized cities, public hospitals, hydroelectric gas companies, railway stations, large banks, etc., windows with public service responsibilities are rife with “opening half doors, closing half doors.”
在北京某高铁站一进站口，春运前夕的候车乘客挤满了隔离栏列成的“九曲十八弯”，等待安检长队中的旅客熙熙攘攘。而旁边封闭的安检通道上，两台安检设备闲置。人流队伍日渐拥挤，有旅客因为等待不及，急于进站，与安检人员发生争执。
At the first entrance to a high railway station in Beijing, passengers on the pre-summer train were packed with “ninety-eightty-eight turns” in the isolation fence, waiting for passengers from the security clearance team, Xi-hee and Xi-hee. On the next closed security passage, two security checkpoints were empty. The crowds were getting crowded, and some passengers were anxious to enter the station because they could not wait, and there was a dispute with the security inspectors.
在淄博市一家通信营业大厅，半月谈记者看到，5个普通服务窗口只开放了3个。半月谈记者领取一张服务凭条，上面显示前面有19人正在等候。1个多小时的等待后，2个没打开的窗口始终紧闭。随着前来办理业务的市民越来越多，大厅等候区变得人满为患。
In a communications lobby in the city of Sambo, half-month talkers saw that only three of the five general service windows were open. A half-month talker received a service order showing that 19 people were waiting ahead. After more than one hour of waiting, two open windows remained closed. As more citizens come to the business, the waiting areas in the lobby became overcrowded.
更让办事群众不满的是，一些窗口明明有工作人员，却用“暂停服务”将排队等候办事的群众晾在一边。东部某省会城市市民朱女士告诉半月谈记者，前不久，自己去自来水公司交水费，服务大厅4个窗口只开了1个。2个窗口后面明明坐着人，却不开放。她上前询问，被对方告知“暂时有事，去旁边窗口交费”，结果足足等了40分钟。
further disgruntled the public by the fact that some windows were staffed and “suspension service” was used to leave the waiting crowd on the side. Ms. Chu, a citizen of the capital city of an eastern province, told the journalists about the water company that she had gone to pay for the water and that only one of the four windows in the service hall had been opened shortly before. Two windows were sitting behind them, but were closed. She went up and asked, and she was told, “for a while, to pay for the next window”, and the result was 40 minutes.
只顾自家降成本，却把成本转嫁到群众身上
strong's paying for his own home, but he's passing it on to the crowd.
明明有足够的服务能力，为何一些公共服务机构只开“半扇门”而任由群众排长队？
Why do some public services open only “half doors” and leave the crowd in line?
半月谈记者采访了解到，多数公共服务机构的窗口总数是基于最大业务量规划，具体打开多少需要根据办事群众的人数进行调整。但一些服务机构出于成本等因素考虑，没有及时调整，造成“顾客盈门”的现象。
The half-month interview with journalists revealed that the total number of windows in most public service institutions was based on maximum volume planning, with specific openings to be adjusted according to the number of people working. However, some services were not adjusted in a timely manner, due to cost considerations and other factors, resulting in a “customer-to-door” phenomenon.
一名在火车站负责安检的工作人员坦言，火车站的安检通道只有春运等客流高峰期才会“开足马力”，平时“按需开启”。他说，国内不少火车站已将安检业务外包，开一个安检通道就得增加五六名工作人员，承包公司为节约成本会尽量少开安检通道。
A staff member in charge of security at a railway station said that security access at a railway station would be “fast” only at the peak of the passenger flow, such as spring transport, and would normally be “opened on demand”. He said that a number of railway stations in the country had outsourced security control operations and that the opening of a security corridor would require an additional five or six staff members, and the contracting company would minimize security access for cost-saving purposes.
医院等机构同样着重考虑成本等因素。有医院急诊科工作人员告诉半月谈记者，后半夜无人就诊的情况时有发生，所以医院安排急诊医生数量较少。如果哪天患者突然较多，就很可能出现排长队的现象。
Hospitals, for example, also focus on cost factors.
在智能化时代，一些城市的铁路和高速交通、医疗、水、电、暖气、手机话费等领域的交费业务，已可通过支付宝等软件实现，无需群众专门跑路。然而，仍有一些地方的公共服务机构逆潮流而动，客观上加大了群众的办事成本。
In the age of smartness, payment for railways and high-speed transport, medical care, water, electricity, heating, mobile phone calls in some cities can already be made through software such as payment of treasures, without the need for people to run. However, there are still some public services that are moving against the tide, objectively increasing the cost of their work.
如一些城市的燃气公司近年推行“插卡”式燃气表，客户交费大多需要前往服务网点排队等待。有业内人士透露，使用“插卡”式燃气表之后，能将“后付费”变成“预付费”，企业财务成本明显降低，但用户服务改善不大。
For example, gas companies in some cities have introduced “card-in” gas meters in recent years, most customer payments have to wait in line at the service point.
公共服务窗口“半扇门”导致的效率低下、群众强烈不满等问题，曾引发一些主管部门的关注。银行、医院、铁路等行业主管部门曾出台规范性或引导性文件，但落实的效果与公众期待相去较远。
The lack of efficiency and popular discontent caused by the “half door” of the public service window has been a source of concern for a number of authorities.
中国质量协会2017年6月发布的一份调查报告显示，银行营业厅排队等候时间长是近几年客户反映比较集中和突出的问题。在北京、上海、深圳等13个样本城市，问题并未得到有效解决，仍是目前营业厅服务的最大痛点，各银行表现普遍不佳。
A survey published by the China Quality Association in June 2017 showed that the long waiting period for the banking office was a matter of relative concentration and prominence in recent years. In 13 sample cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, etc., the problem has not been effectively resolved, it remains the greatest pain in the current business office service, and banks generally perform poorly.
引入竞争，提速公共服务改革
Introduction of competition and acceleration of public service reform
公共服务行业关系百姓日常生活，关乎群众对美好生活的获得感。随着全面深化改革的推进，市场经济体制的完善，越来越多的公共服务面向社会开放。在市场大潮中，这些部门应接受群众更高标准的检验。
Public services are related to the daily life of the population, and it is important for the population to have a sense of good life. As the reform process is advanced, the market economy system is improved, and more and more public services are open to society.
党的十九大报告提出，“完善公共服务体系，保障群众基本生活，不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。”一些专家认为，当下社会公共服务部门更应紧密结合供给侧结构性改革，以群众更美好的生活需要为导向，更好地为群众提供公共服务。
The Party's nineteenth report states that “the public service system should be improved so as to guarantee the basic livelihood of the population and constantly meet the growing needs of the people for a better life.” Some experts believe that the public service sector should be more closely integrated with structural reforms on the supply side in order to better deliver public services to the population, guided by its needs for a better life.
武汉大学城市安全与社会管理研究中心副主任尚重生等专家表示，社会公共服务部门应当从源头进行改革，树立以市场为导向的改革方向，才能提高服务水平。
< b/ > Experts such as the Deputy Director of the Centre for Urban Security and Social Management Studies at Wuhan University have re-established that the social public service sector should be reformed from its source and set the direction for market-oriented reform in order to improve service delivery.
“不能完全寄望于这些部门的"自我革命"来改善服务质量，还必须有来自外界的压力。”尚重生建议，政府部门应当创造条件引入竞争机制和淘汰机制，打破少数垄断和地方保护，在市场竞争中让服务意识落后、服务质量低下的公共服务机构主动转型，满足群众需求。
“There must also be pressure from outside not to focus solely on the “self-revolution” of these sectors to improve the quality of services.” It is suggested that government departments should create conditions to introduce competition and phase-out mechanisms, break down a few monopolies and local protections, and actively transform public service institutions that are under-informed and under-served in market competition to meet the needs of the population.
同时，政府也应提高对公益类窗口机构的监督水平。国家行政学院教授竹立家说，公共服务窗口的服务质量如何，政府部门作为社会服务购买者、委托人和监管主体，必须进行严格监督，解决群众深恶痛绝的作风问题。
At the same time, the government should increase the level of supervision of public service windows.
专家认为，随着政府机构改革和简政放权的继续深化，将有越来越多的面向公众的职能以政府购买社会服务的方式实现。只有加快改革进程，真正完全打开“一扇门”，才能让群众感受到优质公共服务的“一片天”。
Experts believe that, as the reform of government institutions and decentralization continue to deepen, more and more public-oriented functions will be carried out in the form of government purchases of social services. Only by accelerating the reform process and truly fully opening a “door” can people feel a “one day” of quality public services.
基层治理现代化
8 上头“神仙打架”，下头“左右挨骂”
烧饼是各地干部群众的家常美食，但如果基层治理“翻”起了“烧饼”，就让人实在吃不消了。半月谈记者最近在基层调研时发现，一些多部门交叉施政的领域存在决策“翻烧饼”现象。部门之间“神仙打架”，基层成了“角力场”，让基层干部做工作左右为难，基层群众利益受到严重损害。
Breads are a common food for the local cadres, but if grass-roots governance “turns over” and “cakes” are turned on, it is hard to eat. In a recent survey at the grass-roots level, journalists have found that there is a “cracking” of decision-making in a number of areas of multi-sectoral and cross-governance.
“神仙打架”：大棚项目很好，建在地上不行
“Girl Fights”: Good project, not built on the ground
中部一农业大县规划了一个“农光互补”的光伏农业一体化项目，市县领导都大力支持。乡镇干部自上级获知，该项目把光伏发电电池板装在农业大棚顶上，电池板之间留有较大间隙，不会跟大棚内的蔬菜“抢”阳光雨露；大棚高度是普通大棚的3倍，可以实现多层栽培，正好发展立体农业和观光农业。而且，大棚发的电不仅可以并入电网售与电网公司，还可以用来完善大棚的照明、保温等功能。一个项目，两份收入，让干部们备受鼓舞。
The central agricultural district plans a “farmlight complementarity” project for the integration of photovoltaic agriculture, which is strongly supported by city and district leaders. Town and village officials have been informed by their superiors that the project has installed photovoltaic battery panels on the roof of agricultural sheds, leaving large gaps between panels that do not “take” the sun out of vegetables in the shed; the shack is three times higher than the average shed, allowing for multi-storey cultivation and the development of stereo and visual agriculture. Moreover, electricity from the sheds can not only be integrated into grid sales and grid companies, but can also be used to improve lighting, heating, etc. in the sheds.
大棚就这样建起来了，一切都符合预期。只是，当收益即将装进群众腰包时，“不速之客”驾到。
The shed was built and everything was done as expected. Only, when the proceeds were about to be loaded into a crowd pocket, the "uninvited guests" arrived.
县国土部门找到了乡镇负责人：你们这个项目建在了基本农田上，是破坏耕地保护“红线”的行为，必须限期整治，否则就要对负责人问责。
District Land Department has found the village chief: your project, which was built on basic agricultural land, is an act of destruction of the “red line” for the protection of agricultural land and must be repaired for a limited period of time, otherwise the person in charge must be held accountable.
干部们当场傻眼了：“项目启动的时候，我们反复征求了上级意见，发改委、农业部门都说可以，还让我们加快建设进度。结果都搞好了，国土部门又跟我们说不行，要么拆棚子，要么摘帽子！！”
The cadres were stupid at the moment: "When the project started, we asked our superiors over and over again, the DARC and the agricultural sector said yes, and let us speed up the construction. The results were done, and the land department told us not to do it, either to tear down the shed or to take off the hat!"
怎么办？干部们又跑到县里去探问，结果发现，整改的压力比上马的动力大得多，只得把项目设施陆陆续续拆掉，“农光互补”落得个“拆光不补”。
What about
? The cadres went back to the county to ask questions, and found that the pressure was much greater than the power of the horses and that the project facilities had to be dismantled, and that “farmlights were complementary” to each other.
如此部门“神仙打架”，并非这个县基层干部群众格外倒霉。半月谈记者采访发现，吃了上级施政“翻烧饼”的基层干部群众，遭遇的困境种类繁多。
It is not a bad thing for the local grass-roots cadres to fight in such a department.
规定“神仙打架”，“土”政策与惠民策互为“矛”“盾”。中部某山区贫困县历来男子娶妻难，有的即便结婚，也因生活贫穷妻子离家出走。一些建档立卡贫困户反映，当地政府出台产业扶贫贷款政策，实施过程中放贷部门却规定，没有结婚证的不能贷款。
provides for a “flash of the gods” and a “land” policy and a policy for the good of the people as a shield for each other. A poor county in the central mountain region has traditionally had a man married or, even if married, a wife living in poverty has run away from her home. A number of poor card-building households have indicated that local governments have introduced an industrial pro-poor lending policy, and the lending sector has provided that no loan can be granted without a marriage certificate.
决策“神仙打架”，乡镇干部陪着“拔河”。彻底关停还是转型升级，让洞庭湖区某县的造纸业2017年陷入长达7个月的“拉锯战”。分管工业的县领导认为，只要行业淘汰了落后设备，引进新技术实现转型升级，没必要关停，县里也不用背负一次性补偿的负担；分管环保的县领导则认为，造纸厂无论如何转型升级污染隐患都难消除，必须彻底关停……乡镇不知选哪条路走，有的开了“同意转型”的口子，企业听话买了设备，孰料年底上级连续发文，湖区造纸厂无论大小三年内全部腾退。一些造纸企业因此上访，压力全落在了乡镇头上。
Decision-making “false fights”, accompanied by village leaders with “Tou River”; complete or transformational upgrading, leaving the paper industry in a district in Toyako Lake district in 2017 into a seven-month “saw battle.” The county leaders of the division industry believe that, as long as the industry has phased out obsolete equipment and introduced new technologies for upgrading, there is no need to shut down, the county will not bear the burden of one-time compensation; the county leaders of the division of environmental protection believe that the risk of pollution due to any escalation of the transformation is difficult to eliminate and must be completely shut down... The town does not know which way to go, some of them have opened the “consensual” mouth, the enterprise buys the equipment, and the head of the lake paper mills will have to go back at the end of the year, regardless of their size and size for three years. As a result, some paper-making companies have visited, and the pressure has fallen on the town.
政出多门：“各唱各的调，各吹各的号”
has come to power: < >
受访的基层干部指出，治理“翻烧饼”，一方面在于部分政策制定时随意性较大，“脑袋一拍有了、胸脯一拍干了、大腿一拍坏了”；另一方面也是官员“本位主义”作怪，上不了解宏观政策，下不关心基层民意，只守着自己的“一亩三分地”做决定。
According to the grass-roots cadres interviewed, governance is characterized by a high degree of casualness in some policy-making, with “one head at a time, one chest at a time, one thigh at a time” and an official “one foot at a time”, who is not aware of macro-policies and who does not care about grass-roots public opinion and who is only holding his own “one acre” to make decisions.
——决策随意，“非程序化”埋“打架”根源。
- decision-making is arbitrary and “unproceduralized” burys the root causes of “fighting”.
华中科技大学教授赵振宇认为，一些政策、法规之所以会出现“打架”现象，是因为决策过程存在“非程序化”乱象。官员或图省事，或贪专断，导致决策偏离程序轨道，丧失了民主基础和科学性，直接后果就是各级政府部门之间政令不统一，立法、司法和行政更无法有力配合，有效制约，带来许多荒唐的行政成本，也给公权力“寻租”留下空间。
Professor Zhao Zhenyu of the Chinese University of Technology argues that some of the policies and regulations are “fighting” because of “unprocedural” disorder in the decision-making process. Officials or figures, or corruption, cause decisions to be diverted from the course of the process and lose the foundations of democracy and science, as a direct consequence of which there is a lack of harmonization of decrees at all levels of government, legislation, justice and administration are more ineffectively regulated, resulting in many absurd administrative costs and leaving room for public power “rent-seeking”.
——片面重视部门利益，“锅”统统甩给基层。
- One-sided attention to sectoral interests and “pots” to the grass-roots level.
湖南省农村发展研究院首席专家陈文胜认为，“翻烧饼”治理的背后是部分上级单位唯自身、唯部门利益为重，“各唱各的调，各吹各的号”，事前不了解基层实际，群众利益和乡镇难处更不在心上。
< b/> The chief expert of the Hunan Rural Development Institute of Hunan Province, Chen Wen Sheng, argues that the management of the “cake cakes” is based on the self-serving and sectoral interests of some of the superiors, the “singlings of each and every one” and the lack of knowledge of the grass-roots reality, and that the interests of the people and the problems of the townships are even more acute.
采访中，有基层干部反映：当前乡镇不但要重视县委、县政府的综合考核，还要应对县里很多部门的考核，三天两头得签责任状，动不动“有关部门”就来个一票否决。“他们掌握专项资金、项目分配大权，都得罪不起，出了问题，锅只好我们来背。”
Interviews with grass-roots cadres show that not only does the town currently have to pay attention to the comprehensive appraisal of the county councils and district governments, but it also has to deal with the examination of many district departments.
——精准对接沦为空谈，项目竣工才提“红线”。
- Precision is reduced to empty talk, and the project is completed with a “red line”.
受访的基层干部认为，基层要实施一个项目，必然会涉及多个部门，各部门虽说都是照章办事，但更习惯关起门来办，部际协商不畅通，对接机制不健全，往往基层要到项目竣工才知道还有此前没听过的“红线”，往往账单填了填罚单，损了经济，丢了形象。
According to the grass-roots officials interviewed, the implementation of a project at the grass-roots level necessarily involves a number of sectors, which, although they do so in a formal manner, are more accustomed to closing their doors, inter-ministerial consultations are incomplete, the reception mechanisms are inadequate, often the grass-roots level has to wait until the completion of the project to know that there are “red lines” that have not been heard before, and often the bills fill in the tickets, damage the economy and disfigure the image.
精准“劝架”：法规要理清，权责要对等
Precision “strangulation”: legislation needs to be clarified and authority reciprocal
受访的专家和基层干部呼吁，要避免决策“打架”，需进一步规范政策、法规的制定流程，把依法行政落到实处，更需建立科学的问责机制，让政策制定者和执行者权责对等，从制度上强化部门联动的责任和意识。
The experts and grass-roots cadres interviewed called for the avoidance of “fights” in decision-making, the further regulation of policy and regulatory processes, the implementation of the rule of law, the establishment of accountability mechanisms for science, the matching of the rights and responsibilities of policy makers and practitioners, and the institutional strengthening of sectoral responsibilities and awareness.
部分地方已着手规范出台政策、法规时“各自为政”的问题。湖北省人大常委会法规审批工作处处长郑文金介绍，修改后的立法法，除赋予设区市、自治州人大及其常委会制定地方性法规职权外，还赋予地方政府规章制定权。为夯实“监督防线”，湖北省人大常委会明确提出，省、市（州）人大常委会和省人民政府要加强对市（州）政府规章的备案审查监督。
Some localities have begun to regulate the issue of “fragmentation” of policies and regulations. The Chief of the Legislation Review and Approval Unit of the Hubei Standing Committee of the Hubei People's Congress, Zheng Wenjin, introduced the revised legislation, which, in addition to giving competence to the prefectures, prefectures and their Standing Committees to formulate local laws and regulations, gives local governments the power to make regulations. For the purpose of “supervising the defence line”, the Hubei Standing Committee of the Hubei People's Congress clearly states that the Provincial and Municipal People's Standing Committees and the Provincial People's Governments should strengthen their monitoring of the preparation of municipal regulations.
同时，湖北还提出四个“不得”原则，其中包括不得违反上位法的规定，不得有地方保护主义，不得违背法定程序等内容。
At the same time, Hubei also proposed four “no” principles, including that there should be no violation of the superior law, no local protectionism, no violation of due process, etc.
曾就减少政策“打架”问题提交专项提案的全国政协委员梁静建议，相关部门要把工作做到前面，在政策法规修订前，由法制办对有关“打架”法规的适用问题予以明确，提高政策的可操作性。在政策法规的制定过程中，可定期召开联席会议，以民主讨论“劝架”。
The National Council of Political Ministers (CPC), which has submitted specific proposals on reducing the policy of “fights”, suggested that the relevant departments should take forward their work and that, pending the revision of the policy code, the Office of the Rule of Law should clarify the application of the law on “fights” and improve the operationalization of the policy.
“要经常性地对已颁行的政策法规进行梳理和处理，及时对有冲突的内容进行废止、修改和补充完善。”梁静说。赵振宇则强调，决策出台的程序化安排需要形成制度，尽力杜绝“拍脑袋”决策。
“Continue with the streamlining and processing of adopted policy and regulations and the timely repeal, modification and completion of conflicting content.” Liang said. Zhao Zhenyu stressed that procedural arrangements for decision-making need to be institutionalized and do his best to prevent “head-shooting” decision-making.
一些基层干部认为，真正消除“部门打架”，还要以更加科学的问责机制为保障，实现发令者和基层执行者权责对等。“只有这样，才能改变少数部门‘乱发号施令，不全局考虑，不承担责任’的现象。”陈文胜说。
Some grass-roots cadres believe that the real elimination of “sector fighting” should be guaranteed by more scientific accountability mechanisms to achieve parity of authority between those who give orders and those who take action at the grass-roots level. “This is the only way to change the `opportunity, failure to take responsibility' in a few sectors.
教育
9 社会巴望教育，人才却逃离从教
天价学区房、天价课外班、天价海外游学……当下，社会、家庭对教育的关注和重视程度前所未有。按理说，这种氛围中，教师职业应该成为“香饽饽”，然而现实是优秀学生普遍不愿读师范、不愿从教；许多年轻教师忙着备考公务员；在大城市，不少教师户口到手就辞职甚至违约……
Schoolrooms, extra-curricular courses at a daily rate, study abroad at a daily rate... In this case, society and the family have paid unprecedented attention and attention to education.
引不进，留不住，学校成择业“跳板”
can't get in.
“世界那么大，我想去看看”，一封教师辞职信刷爆朋友圈；优秀学子不选择报考师范，师范生毕业不选择当老师，基层优秀教师纷纷涌入公务员队伍……一度被视为“铁饭碗”，被誉为“人类灵魂工程师”的教师，却遭遇“离职潮”，一些毕业生甚至将学校当成择业的“跳板”。
“The world is so big, I want to see it”, a letter of resignation of a teacher brushes the circle of friends; a good student does not choose a teacher; a good teacher does not choose a teacher; a good teacher does not choose a teacher; and a good teacher from the grass-roots level rushes into the civil service... Once regarded as a “iron job”, a teacher known as an engineer of the human soul, but encounters a “leaving tide”, and some graduates even use the school as a “jumpboard” of choice.
去年，杭州某城区教育局下发辞职调查表，对区内教师辞职现象进行摸底，调查发现，教师辞职人数逐年增多。厦门近年也有“编内教师辞职现象暗流涌动”的报道。安徽一所师范院校的毕业生告诉半月谈记者，班上很多同学因为不想当老师而考了研究生，转了方向，比例不低于1/4。
Last year, the Department of Education in a district of Hangzhou sent out a resignation survey to map out the resignation of teachers in the district, which found that the number of resignations of teachers is increasing from year to year. In recent years, Xiamen has also reported a “crowding of resignations of teachers in the department.
这一现象在学前教育领域更为突出。华南地区一所师范院校学前教育专业每班40人，仅有两三个人是自己主动填报这个专业，其他都是调剂进去的，毕业后真正从事幼教行业的学生寥寥无几。
This phenomenon is more pronounced in pre-school education. Only two or three of the 40 students in pre-school education in a teacher-training college in South China report the subject on their own initiative.
在大城市，尤其京沪地区，毕业当老师成为获取落户指标的“捷径”。北京实验学校教师秦怡萌说，名校高学历毕业生一股脑地涌进教师招聘会的现场，大多是为了北京户口，他们很多合约到期就辞职甚至违约离开。
In large cities, especially in the Kyouta region, graduating as a teacher is a shortcut to obtaining a residence indicator. Qin Yim, a teacher at the Beijing Experimental School, said that well-educated graduates had entered the premises of the teacher's fair, mostly for the sake of Beijing's households, and many of their contracts had expired and had resigned or even breached their contracts.
在农村，教师通过考公务员、事业单位或其他岗位离职的更为普遍。安徽南溪中学校长吴代才说，他们学校有一年就走了10多个老师，考到县城和市区，把农村学校当作“跳板”，心思不在工作上，主要精力都在复习备考公务员或其他考试上，这些年轻人都是学校业务骨干。
In rural areas, it is more common for teachers to leave their jobs through civil service, career, or other positions.
待遇低，晋升难，每天日子像打仗
low pay, hard promotion, day after day like war
采访中，半月谈记者发现，教师，尤其中小学教师的工作压力之大超出我们想象。
In an interview at
, half-monthly talkers found that teachers, especially primary and secondary school teachers, work more under pressure than we thought.
“学校事务性工作太多，要参加各种活动，如开学典礼、运动会、教学节、素养展示，还要交各种材料，如教案、论文、随笔，还有区里的减负督导、课堂增效督导，或者来自全国各地的学校要来参观课堂教学……这还不算每天要完成的基本教学任务，以及跟班里的熊孩子斗智斗勇。”入职一年多的秦怡萌坦言，“每天都跟打仗似的”。
“There is too much sex work in schools to participate in various activities, such as opening ceremonies, sports events, teaching festivals, educational displays, as well as materials such as lectures, essays, pens, district sub-supervisors, classroom efficiency supervisors, or schools from all over the country to visit classroom instruction... This does not count as the basic teaching tasks to be carried out every day, as well as fighting with the children of bears in class.” Qin Yi, who has been in office for more than a year, has said, “It's like fighting every day”.
“第一个学期，我晚上10点之前都没有出过办公室，周末也很少过，生怕哪一项出岔子，压力特别大。第一个学期后体检的时候就查出了乳腺增生，咽部、胃部都有毛病。”因为压力太大，秦怡萌曾有过辞职的念头。
“In the first semester, I haven't been out of my office before 10:00 p.m., and on the weekends I don't have much time, and I'm afraid of what went wrong, and I'm under a lot of stress.
随着社会的发展，教师“绝对权威”的地位已不复存在，每个家长都有一套“教育经”，都可以对教育指手画脚，家校关系成为教师又一大压力来源。
With the development of society, the status of “absolute authority” for teachers has ceased to exist, with each parent having a “pedagogical curriculum” that can guide education, and home-school relations are another source of stress for teachers.
广州幼儿教师小吴说，最大的压力来自家长，孩子在园吃什么，喝什么，做什么，家长都有意见，还要求全程监控老师，每天回家还要问孩子有没有被老师打，感觉做老师已经失去了应有的尊严。
The Guangzhou Early Childhood Teacher Wu said that the greatest pressure came from the parents, what the children eat, drink, do whatever they want in the garden, and that parents had their opinions, and also asked the teachers to monitor the teacher every day, to ask if the child had been beaten by the teacher and to feel that he had lost his dignity as a teacher.
北京市通州区台湖镇中心小学语文教师户杰说，许多家长对教师的工作干预较多，家长和社会对教师行业的不理解，不同教育理念的交锋常常令教师感到束缚和压力。
< b/ > The head of the primary school language teacher at the Tunghu Township Centre in Tungzhou, Beijing, said that many parents were more involved in teachers' work, that parents and society did not understand the teaching profession, and that the clash of different educational concepts often constrained and pressured teachers.
虽然老师的待遇这些年有一定提升，但横向来看，教师收入还是不高。
Although there has been some improvement in the treatment of teachers over the years, horizontally, teachers'incomes are still low.
上海师范大学教育学院副教授王健说，上海教师的工资相比其他行业不占优势。中国人民大学副教授高永安说：“我是副教授，工资正好跟北京平均工资持平。那些年轻教师拿着比他们同龄人低很多的工资，不离开，那是真爱教师这个职业。”
Associate Professor Wang Jian of the Shanghai Teacher Training University School of Education said that Shanghai teachers' salaries were less favourable than those of other professions. “I am an associate professor, and my salary is exactly the same as the average salary in Beijing. Those young teachers are paid much less than their peers, and they do not leave, and that is the profession of true love for teachers.”
一些老师认为，职业前途不明朗，晋升通道狭窄也是他们改行的原因之一。半月谈记者采访了解到，教师的工资大多与职称挂钩，而教师的职称评审周期长，教师行业作为事业单位，晋升途径还是比较单一，论资排辈比较常见，很难激发年轻教师的工作热情。
According to some teachers, career prospects are uncertain, and the narrow career path is one of the reasons why they change their profession.
吴代才说，省级示范高中老师中高职称比例在40%，初中更低，有的初中老师临近退休都评不上中高级职称。很多三四十岁的老师有丰富工作经验，但是待遇始终提不上去。
Mr. Wu Dynasty said that high-ranking teachers in provincial model high schools were 40%, lower junior high schools, and some junior middle-school teachers were nearing retirement without a high- and middle-level title.
另外，随着教育国际化、个性化、现代化发展，特色化民办教育、课外培训行业、在线教育等的兴盛，也让很多公办学校的老师选择收入更高的私立或培训机构。
Also, with the internationalization, personalization and modernization of education, the flourishing of private education, extra-curricular training, online education etc., many teachers in public schools have been given the choice of private or training institutions with higher incomes.
乐教、适教、善教的教师哪里找
where to find teachers of pleasure, proper and good faith
近日印发的新时代教师队伍建设改革意见提出，“实施教师教育振兴行动计划”，全面提高中小学教师质量，建设一支高素质专业化的教师队伍。那么，如何吸引优秀人才当老师，留住好老师，守住教育之本？？
The recent reform proposals for a new era of teacher-building, “Implementation of an action plan for the revitalization of teacher education” and the overall improvement of the quality of primary and secondary school teachers and the building of a highly qualified and professional teaching staff. How, then, is it possible to attract the best, retain the best teachers and keep the fundamentals of education?
一线教师认为，感情留人、待遇留人是必须的。秦怡萌说，较高的工资也好，较好的晋升途径也好，对于职工子女的妥善安排也好，这些实实在在的利益比每次开大会喊口号要强得多。
The first line of teachers believes that it is necessary to be emotional and to be treated as human beings. In Qin's words, better wages, better ways of promotion, and good arrangements for the children of the workers are much better than the slogans of each congress.
教育这个行业也是一个打感情牌的行业，你不喜欢学生，教育是没办法产生效果的。所以好老师一定是重感情的人。同样，留住好老师也要动之以情，这个“动”，不是一锅心灵鸡汤，而是行动。在老师们生病的时候、家里有事的时候，需要学校准假或者给予帮助的时刻，学校的回应积极又利索，老师们才会“我心甚慰”，不容易流失。
Education is also an emotional sector, and you don't like students, and education does not work. So a good teacher must be an emotional person. Likewise, keeping a good teacher must be emotional. This “move” is not a pot of soul soup, but an action. When teachers are sick, when they are in need of school leave or help at home, the school's response is positive and easy.
也有一些专家认为，部分教师离职属于正常的职业流动，也有合理和正向的作用。
There are also experts who believe that the separation of some teachers is a normal career movement and also has a reasonable and positive effect.
王健说，教师的正常离职是合理的，一支队伍必须保证优胜劣汰，自由流动。教师职业与其他职业不一样，对职业情感、职业信念的要求非常高。我们需要的是乐教、适教、善教的教师。这当中，乐教是第一位的。人各有志，体验了教师职业的酸甜苦辣之后，选择离开，我们应当尊重。
Wang Jian said that the normal departure of teachers is reasonable, and that a team must guarantee the best and the worst and free movement. Unlike other professions, the teaching profession is very demanding in terms of professional sentiments and beliefs. We need teachers of pleasure, proper teaching, and good teaching. In this case, education is the first. We should respect each other for choosing to leave after experiencing the bitterness of the teaching profession.
专家提出，教师是教育事业发展最重要的资源，是教育发展的本中之本，重视教师队伍建设，是各级教育部门应该常抓不懈的工作。
Experts suggested that teachers are the most important resource for the development of education, the very essence of education development, the importance of building the teaching workforce, and the constant work that should be done at all levels of education.
西北政法大学哲学与社会发展学院教授魏奇说，提升教师队伍素质，首先要强化教师准入制度，切实把优秀人才吸引到教师队伍中去；其次，要兑现教师价值，提升教师经济待遇和社会地位；第三，要优化教师评价机制，让好老师脱颖而出。
Professor Weich, Faculty of Philosophy and Social Development, Northwestern University of Political Science and Law, said that improving the quality of the teaching staff should begin with strengthening the system of teacher access and effectively attracting excellence to the teaching staff; secondly, fulfilling the value of teachers and promoting their economic and social status; and thirdly, optimizing the evaluation mechanisms for teachers and making them stand out.
财经
10 区块链：误解有多少，泡沫就有多大
比特币、莱特币、以太币……去年以来持续高热的数字货币，其底层都有一个共同技术：区块链。许多人认为：区块链是啥不重要，重要的是其颠覆性的价值。由是，炒作盛行，区块链如何真正落地应用，反被抛诸脑后。
Bitcoin, Lightcoin, and Ether... the digital currency that has been hot since last year has a common technology at the bottom of it: the block chain. Many argue that what is a block chain is not important, but its subversive value.
区块链是啥？有何价值
what's the block chain? What's the value?
早在几年前，达沃斯论坛创始人施瓦布就认为，区块链技术是第四次工业革命代表性成果之一。“这是一项颠覆性的技术，极客和银行业都为此兴奋不已。”
As early as a few years ago, the founder of the Davos Forum, Schwab, argued that block chain technology was one of the representative outcomes of the fourth industrial revolution. “This is a subversive technology, and both the extremes and the banking industry are excited about it.”
区块链技术是互联网底层多种技术的集合体，包括P2P通信协议、分布式存储数据库技术、加密算法、共识算法等技术，通过这些技术的整合创造了一种按时间序列、按区块记录数据的模式。所有数据在所有节点备份的数据库结构，达到去中心化、点对点传输、透明、可追踪、不可篡改、数据安全及信用的自我建立的功能。凭借这些优势，区块链技术越来越受到国际社会的重视。
Block chain technology is a confluence of a variety of technologies at the bottom of the Internet, including P2P communications protocols, distributed storage database technology, encryption algorithms, consensus algorithms, etc. The integration of these technologies has created a model for recording data by time series and by block. All data are backed up by database structures at all nodes, with decentralised, point-to-point transmission, transparency, traceability, non-alterable, data security and credit self-building functions.
在意识到区块链的应用潜能后，各国纷纷加快布局步伐。美国国土安全部对6家致力于政府区块链应用开发的公司给予补贴；法国财政部已宣布将允许部分未上市证券的交易使用区块链技术进行，这在欧洲尚属首例；白俄罗斯总统亚历山大·卢卡申科签署“超级自由主义”法案，表示支持区块链和加密货币。
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security subsidizes six companies dedicated to the development of government block chain applications; the French Treasury has announced that it will allow segment chain technology to be used for transactions involving part of unlisted securities, the first in Europe; and Belarus’s President, Alexander Lukashenko, has signed a “superliberal” bill in support of block chains and encrypted currency.
在世界各主要经济体及重要国际组织对区块链技术加快布局的同时，我国金融机构、互联网公司、IT企业和制造企业也在积极筹谋入局。数据显示，我国区块链相关上市公司已增至约30家。
In parallel with the accelerated deployment of block chain technology in major economies of the world and in major international organizations, our financial institutions, Internet companies, IT enterprises and manufacturing enterprises are also actively engaged. Data show that the number of listed companies associated with the block chain has increased to about 30.
中金公司专家认为，作为金融科技发展重要底层设施，区块链的应用值得期待。未来可用于数字货币以及改造金融机构支付、结算、交易等应用场景，降本增效的同时还能降低风险。中信证券表示，区块链技术目前正处于学习曲线的积累阶段，期待爆发级应用场景的落地。
Sino-King experts believe that, as an important bottom-up facility for financial science and technology development, the use of block chains is to be expected. Future applications that can be used for digital money and the adaptation of financial institutions to pay, settle, trade, etc., can reduce efficiency gains while reducing risks.
炒作盛行迟滞应用落地
strong >
随着比特币大涨，许多人将比特币与区块链混为一谈。北京理工大学珠海学院大数据研究所副所长陈海峰称，比特币等数字货币背后有区块链技术支撑，但两者之间并不能画等号。
As bitcoin rises, many people mix bitcoin with block chains. Chen Haifeng, Deputy Director, Chuhai Institute of Data, Beijing Polytechnic University, says that there is block chain technology behind digital currencies such as bitcoin, but there is no equivalent between the two.
半月谈记者调研发现，围绕区块链技术，业内存在浓重的炒作风气，长此以往并不利于该项技术应用的务实推广。
< b/ > The semi-monthly reporter survey found that there was a strong ethos in the industry surrounding block chain technology, which had not been conducive to the practical application of the technology.
2017年11月13日，港股上市公司坪山茶叶发布公告，将公司原名“坪山茶叶集团有限公司”更改为“区块链集团有限公司”，至今该公司主业仍未明显涉足区块链业务，但股价却有一定幅度上涨。
On 13 November 2017, the company's former name, the Phonsan Tea Group Ltd., was changed to the Company's original name, the Block Chain Group Ltd. The company's main business has not been significantly involved in the sector chain business to date, but stock prices have increased by a certain amount.
比特币热炒之下越来越多企业开始“蹭热点”。目前这种疯狂不仅仅局限在将公司名字简单地加上“比特币”或者“区块链”字眼上，只要能与比特币有一点关系，该公司就很可能融到大笔资金并迅速提高价值，这样的不良风气有扩散的迹象。
A growing number of businesses are starting to “spoil”. This madness is not limited to simply adding the word “bitcoin” or “block chain” to the name of the company, which is likely to absorb large sums of money and rapidly raise its value, and there are signs of proliferation.
部分非正统应用“吸金”能量凸显，形成负面示范效应。在区块链现实应用推进艰难的同时，部分虚拟应用却显现出巨大的“吸金”能量。坐不住的区块链研发者也跟进“赚快钱”，进一步影响了现实应用的展开。
Some unorthodox applications of “breathing” energy are highlighted and have negative demonstration effects. While practical applications of block chains are challenging, some virtual applications show enormous “breaking” energy.
最近，一款建立在区块链以太坊上的“养猫”社交游戏在国内外迅速走红，游戏仅推出一个多月，累计交易额就达近千万美元，最贵的一只“猫咪”因品种稀有竟卖出超10万美元天价。其研发者称，开发这款游戏的初衷仅仅是让用户更加了解区块链技术，但在推广中却被操作者带偏。
Recently, a cat-breeding social game based on a block chain has been rapidly redeveloped at home and abroad, and the game has been launched for more than a month, amounting to almost $10 million in aggregate, with the most expensive cat selling more than $100,000 a day because of its rare variety. According to its developers, the game was developed only to make users more aware of the sector chain technology, but it has been overtaken by the operators.
应用为先，抢占制高点
should be used to take advantage of the heights
中国区块链生态联盟副理事长李竞男认为，区块链改变世界最核心的是其背后的精神——公开、开放、透明，它是用技术手段来解决信任问题。
< b/ > The Vice-President of the China Block Chain Ecologic Union, Li Jie-man, argued that it was the spirit behind the chain of blocks — openness, openness and transparency — that was the technical means to resolve the question of trust.
我国在2017年上半年已经发布国内首个区块链标准，这为我国抢占国际先机奠定坚实基础。在已纳入《“十三五”国家信息化规划》的基础上，专家建议着力细化区块链技术发展路径，明确具体的发力点、攻坚领域、对标方向。与此同时，多措并举刹住炒作之风。
Our first block chain standards were published in the first half of 2017, laying a solid foundation for the country to take advantage of the international momentum. On the basis of the 13th Five-Year National Informatization Plan, the experts recommended that efforts be made to fine-tune the path of technological development of the block chain and to identify specific points of action, areas of action and directions.
专家认为，区块链技术将是互联网金融乃至整个金融业的关键底层基础设施。以证券市场为例，证券交易需要经过中央结算机构、银行、证券公司和交易所这四大机构的协调才能完成，效率低、成本高，且容易造就强势中介。区块链技术可以很好地解决这些问题，如能推动其在这一领域率先试水，在看得见、摸得着的应用上开花结果，充分展现区块链技术优势，必将形成示范效应。
Experts believe that block chain technology will be a key bottom infrastructure for Internet finance as well as for the financial sector as a whole. In the case of securities markets, securities transactions need to be coordinated by four major institutions, namely central clearing houses, banks, securities companies, and exchanges, in order to be inefficient, costly, and easily brokered.
此外，政府还可通过一定的政策扶持与鼓励，促进企业级区块链研究与应用。对经营效益不显著但对社会有益的区块链应用，可以通过购买公共服务的方式先行探索。例如，政府可将区块链技术应用到爱心捐赠、网络借贷等公共领域，作为解决透明度和信任度问题的一种尝试，减少行业风险。
Governments can also promote research and application of the enterprise-level block chain through policy support and encouragement. The application of the business-less but socially beneficial block chain can be explored first through the purchase of public services. For example, governments can apply block-chain technology to public areas such as caring donations, online lending, etc., as an attempt to address transparency and trust issues and reduce industry risks.
民生
11 民企扶贫：打响另一个金字品牌
党的十九大报告强调，打赢脱贫攻坚战要动员全党全国全社会力量。民营企业是社会扶贫的重要方面，是脱贫攻坚的生力军。习近平总书记多次就民营企业开展“万企帮万村”精准扶贫行动做出重要指示。2016年3月4日，总书记肯定“万企帮万村”精准扶贫行动很好，要抓好落实抓出成效；2017年6月23日，总书记要求“万企帮万村”行动要向深度贫困地区倾斜。
The Party’s 19th report stressed that winning the fight against poverty must mobilize the entire society. Private enterprise is an important aspect of social poverty alleviation, and is an active force in combating poverty. The Secretary-General of Xi Jinping has repeatedly given important instructions for private enterprises to conduct targeted anti-poverty initiatives in “Mankind Villages.” On 4 March 2016, the Secretary-General confirmed that “Mankind Villages” are well-addressed and effective, and that, on 23 June 2017, the Secretary-General called for the “Mankind Villages” initiative to be oriented towards areas of deep poverty.
“万企帮万村”是新时代民营企业听党话跟党走的实际行动。自2015年10月启动以来，已有4.62万家民营企业踊跃参与，精准帮扶5.12万个村（其中建档立卡贫困村3.36万个），综合运用产业扶贫、就业扶贫、公益扶贫等形式，将“扶贫、扶智、扶志”有机结合，投资527亿元实施产业扶贫项目，捐资109亿元开展公益帮扶，安置就业50万人，技能培训54万人次，带动和惠及了620多万建档立卡贫困人口。
The Million Villages are practical actions taken by private enterprises in the new era to listen to the parties. Since their launch in October 2015, 462 million private enterprises have been actively involved, with 5.12 million villages (of which 336 million have been established), using a combination of industrial poverty alleviation, employment alleviation and public benefit poverty alleviation, investing $52.7 billion in industrial poverty alleviation projects, donating $10.9 billion for public welfare support, placing 500,000 people in employment and providing 540,000 skills trainings, which have helped and benefited over 6.2 million people living in poverty.
“万企帮万村”是激发和弘扬新时代民营企业家精神的双赢双受益的行动。贫困户在企业带动下增加收入，实现脱贫；企业在组织农民、贫困户参与生产中取得发展。只有双赢，才能建立长效脱贫机制，才可持续。
The “Mankind Villages” is a win-win action to stimulate and promote private entrepreneurship in the new era.
“万企帮万村”是营造非公有制经济健康发展舆论环境的具体行动。恒大集团捐资110亿元（已到位60亿元）整体帮扶毕节市脱贫攻坚，抽调全国员工组建“自带干粮”的扶贫队伍，进村入户与贫困群众共商扶贫项目。贵州兴伟集团捐资3亿多元包村扶贫，仅用半年多时间，就将安顺市普定县秀水村从一个贫困村打造成了社会主义新农村。行动中还涌现出了泛海集团、万达集团、荣民集团、宝丰集团、京东集团、碧桂园集团等一批先进典型，传递了民营企业群体的正能量，在社会上取得了巨大的反响。
The Million Business Villages are concrete actions to create an environment of public opinion for the healthy development of the non-public economy. The Huge Group has contributed $11 billion (which has been put in place for $6 billion) to the fight against poverty in the city and has mobilized national workers to form “dry-food” teams to work with poor people in their villages. By contributing 300 million multi-villages to poverty alleviation, in over six months, it has created a new socialist village from a poor village in the city of Anshon. The campaign has also brought out some of the most advanced examples of the Pan-Sea Group, the Wanda Group, the Rally Group, the Bo Fong Group, the Gyeong Group, the Gyeongdong Group, the Begui Park Group, among others.
“万企帮万村”用量大面广的帮扶实践，探索了全社会参与构建大扶贫格局、市场化手段构建脱贫长效机制的具体方案。民营企业在产业扶贫中，探索出了能人大户带动型、扶贫资金入股型、电商平台拉动型等帮扶模式；在就业扶贫上，采取了定向招工、订单培训、基地吸纳等帮扶方式；在公益扶贫上，实践了资产收益扶贫等新模式。
The "Omnibus Villages" has used a wide range of support practices to explore specific programmes for the participation of society in the construction of large-scale poverty reduction patterns and market-based instruments to build lasting mechanisms for poverty eradication. Private enterprises have explored, in the context of industrial poverty alleviation, models of support such as large household-led, pro-poor equity, power-market platforms, etc.; targeted job recruitment, order training, base-based absorption, etc., in the context of employment alleviation; and new models such as asset-generating poverty alleviation have been introduced in the context of public-interest poverty alleviation.
以双赢为目标的产业扶贫是民营企业的传统优势，它们发挥市场经济先行者的特殊优势，运用自身资本、技术、信息、平台等资源，对接贫困地区特殊的土壤、地理、水文、历史等自然和人文资源禀赋，与贫困村贫困户结成利益共享、风险共担的生产经营合作体，解决了小农户与大市场之间信息不对称的矛盾，将贫困群众纳入现代产业链条，有效建立起脱贫长效机制。民营企业的探索实践成果必将丰富我国扶贫开发的路径，为全世界减贫事业贡献中国智慧、中国方案。
Industrial poverty reduction, with a win-win goal, is the traditional advantage of private enterprises, which take advantage of the special advantages of market-economy pioneers, using their own capital, technology, information, platforms, etc., to provide access to natural and human resources, such as soil, geography, hydrology, history and other natural and human resources in impoverished areas, to develop cooperative production operations that share benefits and share risks with poor families in poor villages and to resolve the information asymmetry between small farmers and large markets, to integrate poor people into modern industrial chains, and to effectively establish mechanisms to overcome poverty. The results of private enterprise exploration and practice will enrich our path of poverty alleviation and contribute to China’s intellectual and Chinese programmes to reduce poverty worldwide.
为深入推进“万企帮万村”行动实施，解决好“谁来帮、帮扶谁、怎么帮”问题，全国工商联和国务院扶贫办、中国光彩会、中国农业发展银行共同建立了领导小组，指导各级相关部门层层发动、精准对接，提供全周期服务，确保将民营企业帮扶力量聚焦到建档立卡贫困人口。为防止出现形式主义数字扶贫，领导小组开发了台账管理系统，在线记录帮扶企业、被帮扶村和帮扶投入信息，通过抽查暗访督导各地工作，务求实现真扶贫、扶真贫、真脱贫。
In order to further advance the implementation of the "Omnibus Villages" initiative, and to resolve the question of "Who will help, help and how to help", the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Poverty Alleviation Bureau of the State Council, the China Guangcai Association and the China Agricultural Development Bank have jointly established a leadership group to guide relevant sectoral levels to initiate, refine and provide a full-cycle service to ensure that private business support is focused on the low-income population. To prevent the emergence of formalist digital poverty alleviation, the leadership group has developed an account management system that documents online support enterprises, supported villages and helped people to invest in information, and through spot-check visits to supervise local work to achieve real poverty alleviation, real poverty alleviation, real poverty eradication, and real poverty eradication.
未来3年，“万企帮万村”行动将继续以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，坚持精准扶贫精准脱贫基本方略，突出产业扶贫优势构建脱贫长效机制，加大对深度贫困地区倾斜支持力度，不断建立和完善政策及荣誉支撑体系，立足当下着眼长远，做好“帮村脱贫”与“促村振兴”的有效衔接，切实发挥民营企业的特色优势，助力打好脱贫攻坚战，为实现两个百年目标做出更大贡献。
Over the next three years, the "Omnibus Villages" initiative will continue to be guided by the socialist philosophy of the Chinese identity of Xi Jinping's new era, to adhere to the fundamentals of poverty reduction, to highlight the advantages of industrial poverty reduction by building long-term mechanisms for poverty eradication, to increase its support for areas of deep poverty, to build and improve policies and honour support systems, to build on the immediate and long-term perspective and to ensure effective linkages between "helping the village out of poverty" and "Revitalization of the village", to make effective use of the distinctive strengths of private enterprises, to help combat poverty and to contribute more to the achievement of the two-hundredth-year goals.
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