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在1970年代，随着以CT为代表的数字成像诊断设备在临床得到广泛应用，美国放射学院(ACR)和国家电气制造协会(NEMA)在1983年成立了一个联合委员会，以制定相应规范达成以下目的:In the 1970s, with the e...

在1970年代，随着以CT为代表的数字成像诊断设备在临床得到广泛应用，美国放射学院(ACR)和国家电气制造协会(NEMA)在1983年成立了一个联合委员会，以制定相应规范达成以下目的:

In the 1970s, with the extensive clinical application of digital imaging diagnostic equipment, represented by CT, the American Institute of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturing Association (NEMA) established a joint committee in 1983 to develop appropriate norms for the following purposes:

--推动不同制造商的设备间数字图像信息通信标准的建立。

- Promote the establishment of standards for digital image information communication between equipment of different manufacturers.

--促进和扩展图片归档及通讯系统(PACS)，使它可以与其它医院信息系统进行交互。

- Promotion and expansion of the Photo Archiving and Communication System (PACS) so that it can interact with other hospital information systems.

--允许广泛分布于不同地理位置的诊断设备创建统一的诊断信息数据库。

- Allows the creation of a unified database of diagnostic information by diagnostic equipment widely distributed across geographical locations.

ACR-NEMA联合委员会于1985年发布了最初的1.0版本(ACR-NEMA Standards Publications No.300-1985，又分别于1986年10月和和1988年1月发布了校订No.1和校订No.2。1988年该委员会推出2.0版本(ACR-NEMA Standards Publications NO.300-1988)，到1993年发布的DICOM标准3.0，已发展成为医学影像信息学领域的国际通用标准。

The ACR-NEMA Joint Commission issued its original version 1.0 in 1985 (ACR-NEMA Standards Publications No. 300-1985) and revised versions No. 1 and No. 2 in October 1986 and January 1988 respectively. In 1988, the Commission launched version 2.0 (ACR-NEMA Standards No. 300-1988), and by 1993, DICOM standard 3.0, which has evolved into an international standard in the field of medical imaging informatics.

DICOM标准中涵盖了医学数字图像的采集、归档、通信、显示及查询等几乎所有信息交换的协议;以开放互联的架构和面向对象的方法定义了一套包含各种类型的医学诊断图像及其相关的分析、报告等信息的对象集;定义了用于信息传递、交换的服务类与命令集，以及消息的标准响应;详述了标识各类信息对象的技术;提供了应用于网络环境(OSI或TCP/IP)的服务支持;结构化地定义了制造厂商的兼容性声明(Conformance Statement)。

The DICOM standards cover almost all information exchange agreements for the collection, archiving, communication, display and searching of medical digital images; define a set of objects containing various types of medical diagnostic images and their related analyses, reports, etc.; define a set of service types and orders for the transmission of information, as well as standard responses to messages; detail technologies for the identification of various types of information objects; provide support for services applied to the network environment (OSI or TCP/IP); and structurally define the compatibility statement of manufacturers (Conformance State).

DICOM标准的推出与实现，大大简化了医学影像信息交换的实现，推动了远程放射学系统、图像管理与通信系统(PACS)的研究与发展，并且由于DICOM的开放性与互联性，使得与其它医学应用系统(HIS、RIS等)的集成成为可能。

The introduction and realization of DICOM standards has significantly simplified the exchange of information on medical images, promoted research and development of remote radiology systems, image management and communication systems (PACS) and made integration with other medical applications (HIS, RIS, etc.) possible because of the openness and interconnection of DICOM.

DICOM标准通过规定以下几方面来促进医学成像设备的互联互通:

DICOM standards promote connectivity of medical imaging equipment by providing for:

--对于网络通信，遵从由设备标准兼容性声明所指定的一组网络协议。

- For network communications, follow a set of network protocols designated by the standard equipment compatibility statement.

--该组协议用于交换命令的句法和语义以及相关的信息。

- The group agreement is used to exchange the syntax and semantics of the order and the relevant information.

--对于媒介通信，遵从由设备标准兼容性声明所对应的一组介质存储服务，以及有助于访问存储于可交换介质上的图像以及相关信息的文件的文件格式和目录结构。

- For media communications, comply with a set of media storage services corresponding to standard equipment compatibility statements, as well as file formats and directory structures that facilitate access to images stored on interchangeable media and related information.

--其它为实现符合DICOM标准的必要信息。

- Other information necessary to achieve compliance with DICOM standards.

DICOM标准对以下方面不做规定:

DICOM standards do not provide for:

--声称符合DICOM标准的设备的功能实现细节。

- The functional fulfilment details of the equipment claimed to meet DICOM standards.

--由一系列声称符合DICOM标准的设备所组成系统的整体功能特性。

- The overall functional characteristics of the system consisting of a series of equipment that purports to meet DICOM standards.

--评估设备是否符合DICOM标准的测试/评估过程。

- Test/assessment process to assess whether equipment meets DICOM standards.

DICOM属于医疗信息领域。在该领域范围内，DICOM标准规范了医学成像设备和其它系统的信息交换。由于这些设备和其它医疗设备做交互，所以DICOM标准会与其它医疗信息领域的范围有所重叠。DICOM标准对这些领域的范围不做规定。[1]

DICOM is in the field of medical information. Within this area, DICOM standards regulate the exchange of information on medical imaging equipment and other systems. Due to the interaction between these and other medical equipment, DICOM standards overlap with the scope of other medical information areas. DICOM standards do not regulate the scope of these areas.

DICOM标准的第五部分介绍它的数据结构，它定义了数据集(Data Set)来保存前面所介绍的信息对象定义(IOD)，数据集又由多个数据元素(Data Element)组成。每个数据元素描述一条信息(所有的标准数据元素及其对应信息在标准的第六部分列出)，它由对应的标记(8位16进制数，如(0008，0016)，前4位是组号(Group Number)，后十位是元素号(Element Number)确定 DICOM数据元素分为两种，即:

The fifth part of the DICOM standard describes its data structure. It defines the data set (Data Set) to save the previously described information object definition (IOD) and the data set is composed of several . Each data element describes a single information (all standard data elements and their corresponding information are listed in the sixth part of the standard) and it is marked by corresponding markers (8-digit 16, e.g. (0008,0016), the first four being group numbers (Group Number), the second ten being the element (Element Number) defining two types of DICOM data elements, namely:

● 标准(Standard)数据元素，组号为偶数，含义在标准中已定义。

• Standard (Standard) data elements with an even number, meaning defined in the criteria.

● 私有(Private)数据元素，组号为奇数，其描述信息的内容由用户定义

• Private (Private) with an odd number and user-defined description of the information

第一部分:引言与概述，简要介绍了DICOM的概念及其组成。

Part I: Introduction and overview, with a brief description of the DICOM concept and its composition.

第二部分:兼容性，精确地定义了声明DICOM要求制造商精确地描述其产品的DICOM兼容性，即构造一个该产品的DICOM兼容性声明，它包括选择什么样的信息对象、服务类、数据编码方法等，每一个用户都可以从制造商处得到这样一份声明。

Part II: Compatibility, with a precise definition of the statement that DICOM requires the manufacturer to describe accurately the DICOM compatibility of its product, i.e. to construct a DICOM compatibility statement for the product, which includes the choice of the target of information, the type of service, method, which each user can obtain from the manufacturer.

第三部分:利用面向对象的方法，定义了两类信息对象类:普通性、复合型。

Part III: Two categories of objects of information are defined using the object-oriented approach.

第四部分:服务类，说明了许多服务类，服务类详细论述了作用与信息对象上的命令及其产生的结果。

Part IV: Services category, which describes many service categories, discusses in detail the orders on the objects of the effects and information and the results they produce.

第五部分:数据结构及语意，描述了怎样对信息对象类和服务类进行构造和编码。

Part V: Data structure and language, describing how information objects and services are constructed and coded.

第六部分:数据字典，描述了所有信息对象是由数据元素组成的，数据元素是对属性值的编码。

Part VI: , describing all the messages as consisting of .

第七部分:消息交换，定义了进行消息交换通讯的医学图像应用实体所用到的服务和协议。

Part VII: Exchange of information, defining the services and protocols used by the entities applying medical images for the exchange of information.

第八部分:消息交换的网络通讯支持，说明了在网络环境下的通讯服务和支持DICOM应用进行消息交换的必要的上层协议。

Part VIII: Network communication support for the exchange of information, describing the communications services in the network environment and the necessary upper-level protocols to support the DICOM applications for the exchange of information.

第九部分:消息交换的点对点通讯支持，说明了与ACR-NEMA2.0兼容的点对点通讯的服务和协议。

Part IX: Point-to-point communication support for information exchange, describing services and protocols for point-to-point communications compatible with ACR-NEMA 2.0.

第十部分:便于数据互换的介质存储方式和文件格式

Part X: Media storage and file format for data interchange

第十一部分:介质存储应用框架

Part XI: Framework for media storage applications

第十二部分:便于数据互换的介质格式和物理介质

Part XII: Media formats and physical media for data interchange

第十三部分:打印管理的点对点通讯支持

Part XIII:

第十四部分:亮度[灰度]色标显示功能标准

Part XIV: Highlighting [Greyscale] colour display functional standards

第十五部分:安全性概述

Part XV: Safety overview

第十六部分:绘制资源目录

Part XVI: Mapping the Resource Catalogue

第十七部分:信息解释(Explanatory Information)

Part XVII: Interpretation of information

第十八部分:Web获取DICOM永久对象(Web Access to DICOM Persisent Objects(WADO))

Part XVIII: Web Access to DICOM Permanent Objects (WADO)

a)它对于一个网络环境是可用的。前几个版本只在点对点的环境中可用;对于在网络环境中的操作，需要一个网络接口单元(NIU)。DICOM版本3.0支持在网络环境中使用标准的网络协议的操作，如OSI和TCP/IP。

(a) It is available for a network environment. The previous versions are only available for a point-to-point environment; for operations in a network environment, a network interface module (NIU) is required. DICOM version 3.0 supports the use of standard operations such as OSI and TCP/IP.

b)它详细说明了声称与标准兼容的设备如何对命令做出应答和数据如何被交换。前面几个版本在传输数据上受到限制，但DICOM 3.0通过服务类别的概念，指定了命令和相关数据的语义。

b) It details how the equipment claiming to be compatible with the standards responds to the orders and how the data are exchanged. The previous versions are limited in the transmission of the data, but DICOM 3.0 specifies the semantics of the orders and related data through the concept of the service category.

c)它详述了兼容性的等级。前面的版本指定了兼容性等级的最小集合。DICOM3.0清楚地描述了一个实现者必须如何构造一个与所选的特殊选项兼容的声明。

c) It details the level of compatibility. The previous version specifies the minimum set of compatibility levels. DICOM3.0 clearly describes how a achiever must construct a statement compatible with the selected special option.

d)它按照多部分的文档结构来组织。通过简化新特性的增加，这种结构使标准在迅速发展的环境中的演变更为容易。ISO指示--定义如何去构造多部分文档--已经加入到DICOM标准的构造中。

(d) It is organized according to a multi-part document structure. By simplifying the addition of new features, this structure makes it easier for standards to evolve in a rapidly evolving environment. ISO indicates - how to define how to construct multiple parts of documents - has been added to the DICOM configuration.

e)它提出了明确的信息对象，并不只是针对图象和图形，还有研究、报告等。

e) It provides a clear target for information, not only for images and graphics, but also for research, reports, etc.

f)它为地识别任何信息对象指定了一个确定的技术。这促进了在网络上运作的信息对象之间的关系的明确定义。

f) It designates a defined technology for the identification of any information object. This promotes a clear definition of the relationship between the information object that operates on the network.

ACSE:联合控制服务元素

ACSE: elements of joint control services