【区块链专区】区块链产业发展特点逐步影响我国市场环境变化

原标题:【区块链专区】区块链产业发展特点逐步影响我国市场环境变化

Original title: Development characteristics of the block chain industry that gradually influence the evolution of the market environment in the country

作者 立方财经show

author Cube financehow

更多区块链精彩内容请关注：立方财经show（ID:lifangcaijing）

More interesting content on block chains: Cubeshow (ID:libangcaijing)

区块链作为一种新兴的基础性、前沿性技术，区块链不是一种单一技术，而是多种技术的整合，其核心技术主要包括共识机制、P2P网络传输技术、分布式数据存储、非对称加密算法。

As an emerging foundational, cutting-edge technology, the block chain is not a single technology, but rather an integration of multiple technologies, the core of which are, inter alia, consensus mechanisms, P2P network transmission technology, distributed data storage, asymmetric encryption algorithms.

区块链的产业结构可以主要可分为区块链核心技术和应用服务、数字货币交易平台和区块链信息服务三个部分。政策环境方面，区块链已成为我国信息产业创新突破的重点前沿领域。企业培育方面，行业巨头纷纷加快区块链领域的布局与发展。市场应用方面，区块链应用中大多数企业仍处在探索阶段，区块链在各行业中大规模应用还有待时日。

In terms of the policy environment /strang, the block chain has become a priority frontier for innovation in the country's information industry. In terms of business development, industry giants are accelerating the layout and development of the block chain area. In terms of market applications, most firms in block chain applications are still in the exploratory phase, and the block chain has yet to be applied on a large scale across industries.

区块链（Blockchain）是通过去中心化的方式，由多个网络节点集体维护一个分布式数据库的技术方案。数据存储在区块中，区块按时间顺序先后生成，每个区块中包含了过去一段时间内网络上所有交易信息，区块与区块相连成链条构成区块链。

The

从技术角度看，区块链是在点对点网络上构建一个分布式数据库系统，利用非对称加密算法对每一个区块进行加密，区块相连形成区块链。从货币角度看，区块链数字货币系统的分布式共享账本系统，一段时间内的账务交易信息被加密打包成一个区块，区块顺序相连形成账本系统。从互联网经济角度看，区块链是网络空间中各类互联网资产的分布式管理系统，一段时间内任何数字化、智能化的资产的注册、存储和交易被加密打包成区块，区块相连形成分布式资产管理系统。

From a technical point of view, the block chain is a distributed database system built on a point-to-point network to encrypt each block using asymmetric encryption algorithms, and blocks are connected to a block chain. From a monetary point of view, the block chain digital currency system is distributed in a shared account system, account transaction information is encrypted over a period of time into a block, and block sequence is linked to the account system. From an Internet economic point of view, the block chain is a distributed management system for all types of Internet assets in cyberspace, with any digitalized, intelligent asset registered, stored and traded over a period of time packaged into blocks, and blocks connected into a distributed asset management system.

按使用权限和认证方式，区块链可分为公有链、私有链和联盟链三类。

may be divided into three types of public, private and union chains, by right of use and by authentication.

公有链是指所有参与节点按照系统规则自由接入网络，节点间通过共识机制参与区块链组织结构。公有链提倡去中心化，用以构建全球价值网络的支撑平台，其极端形态有可能会发展为借鉴区块链思想的下一代互联网。

私有链是指只有被授权的部分节点才能参与发布区块的一种组织形式。私有链中每个节点的权限不同，通常建立在某个组织内部，并根据组织要求设定系统运行规则，保留了区块链的部分去中心化特性。

联盟链介于公有链和私有链之间，通常由若干机构联合发起，是指只有被验证的节点才被允许发布区块的一种组织形式，被验证后的节点具有完全对等的权限，可在非完全互信的情况下实现数据的可信交换。联盟链可能被应用到未来各个行业，或者在某一行业内部存在多条联盟链。

The link between the public and private chains, usually co-sponsored by a number of institutions, refers to an organizational form in which only validated nodes are allowed to publish blocks, and the post-confirmed nodes have full reciprocity, allowing for a credible exchange of data without full trust. Alliance chains may be applied to future industries, or multiple chains exist within a given industry.

区块链技术最初应用在比特币的数据结构与交易信息加密传输上，随后成为很多金融资产的分布式账本系统。按时间划分，区块链发展过程可概括如下：

block chain technology was initially applied to Bitcoin data structure and transactional information encryption, and subsequently became a distributed account system for many financial assets. The block chain development process can be summarized by time as follows:

2008年，中本聪（化名）发表论文《比特币：一种点对点的电子现金系统》，首次提出区块链的概念。

2008, Central Ben-Sung (aliasing) published a paper, Bitcoin: an electronic cash system for point-to-point, which introduced the concept of block chains for the first time.

2009年，作为区块链的首个应用，比特币开始在一个开源的区块链上运行。

In 2009, as the first application of the block chain, Bitcoin began to operate on an open-source block chain.

2012年，瑞波系统发布利用数字货币和区块链进行跨国转账。

In 2012, the Ripper system published the use of digital currency and block chains for cross-border transfers.

2013年9月，美卡币区块链发生断裂，数据更新中断一天后，发布新版本，重新接回一条区块链，艰难复活。

In September 2013, after a break in the McCain block chain and a day after the data update was interrupted, a new version was released and a chain of blocks was re-established.

2014年4月，奥斯汀·希尔和亚当·贝克开始在比特币区块链的基础上打造侧链；5月，Storj宣布将采用区块链技术为客户提供去中心化的存储服务；6月，搜索引擎DuckDuckGo接入区块链查询；8月，Coinbase收购区块链信息浏览服务商Blockr.io，区块链API服务提供商Chain获950万美元A轮投资；10月，Tilecoin团队发布首个集成区块链技术的物联网实验设备。

April 2014, Austin & Middot; Hill and Adam & Middot; Baker began building the side chain on the basis of the Bitcoin block chain; Stotj announced in May that the block chain technology would be used to provide a decentralised storage service to clients; June, search engine DuckDuckGo access block chain query; August, Coinbase acquired block chain information browser Blockr.io , where API service providers received $9.5 million A round investment; and October, the Tilecoin team released the first cluster block chain technology experiment equipment .

2015年，大量银行和传统金融机构开始测试区块链技术，包括在内部系统上使用比特币区块链系统和瑞波币系统。

In 2015, a large number of banks and traditional financial institutions began testing block chain technology, including the use of the Bitcoin block chain system and the Ribbon system in their internal systems.

2016年，国内外区块链技术公司大批涌现，区块链技术联盟成立壮大。

In 2016, a proliferation of domestic and foreign block chain technology companies emerged, and a block chain technology alliance was formed.

产业规模

/strang

从产业发展的角度来看，区块链所涉及到的主要产业领域为软件和信息技术服务，大多数的区块链技术提供商可以提供区块链相关的软件产品和信息技术服务如系统集成等。但围绕比特币的产生和交易，可以衍生出包括芯片、信息系统、网络系统、交易服务等诸多产业形态，产业发展的主要模式趋于成熟。

From the point of view of industrial development, the main areas of industry involved in block chains are software and information technology services, with most block chain technology providers providing software products and information technology services related to block chains, such as system integration. But the generation and trading of Bitcoin can generate a variety of industrial patterns, including chip, information systems, network systems, transaction services, etc., and the main patterns of industrial development are maturing.

技术创新

technological innovation /strang

作为一种新兴的基础性、前沿性技术，区块链不是一种单一技术，而是多种技术的整合，其核心技术主要包括共识机制、P2P网络传输技术、分布式数据存储、非对称加密算法。

As an emerging foundational, cutting-edge technology, the block chain is not a single technology, but rather an integration of multiple technologies, the core of which are, inter alia, consensus mechanisms, P2P network transfer technology, distributed data storage, asymmetric encryption algorithms.

共识机制

Consensus mechanism > /span

区块链技术的共识机制是区块链系统中的所有参与节点达成一致的策略和方法。参与节点对全网交易记录的事件顺序和当前状态建立共识，在不需了解对方基本信息的情况下进行可信任的价值交换。共识机制的建立极大地降低了价值交换过程中的摩擦成本，对分享经济时代具有巨大的应用价值。

The consensus mechanism for block chain technology is the strategy and method for agreeing on all participating nodes in the block chain system. The participating nodes build consensus on the sequence of events and the current state of the entire network transaction record and exchange trusted values without the need to know each other's basic information.

P2P网络传输技术

P2P network transfer technology

P2P网络，也称为对等网络，是通信网络中一种常用的组织架构。在P2P网络中，所有节点自由进出网络，并拥有相同的网络权利，通过设定软件协议共享计算机资源。区块链系统利用P2P网络传输技术连接网络中各个节点，成为去中心化的分布式系统。

In the P2P network, all nodes have free access to the network and have the same network rights to share computer resources by setting software protocols. Block chain systems use the P2P network to connect nodes to the network and become decentralised distributed systems.

分布式数据存储

distributed data storage

区块链一般需根据开源的、去中心化的协议，构建出分布式结构体系。基于该结构体系，价值交换的信息可通过分布式网络发送给全网，进而通过分布式记账确定信息数据内容，盖上时间戳后生成区块数据，再通过分布式传播发送给各个节点，实现分布式存储。

The block chain usually builds a distributed structure based on an open source decentralised agreement. On the basis of this structure, value exchange information can be sent to the whole network via a distributed network, which then determines the content of the information data by way of a distributed log, creates block data after a time stamp, and distributes it to all nodes through a distributed distribution.

非对称加密算法

asymmetric encryption algorithm

区块链系统内所有权验证机制的基础是非对称加密算法，以保证数据库的可信性和安全性。非对称加密算法是指数据存储和传输过程中，分别使用公钥和私钥对其加密和解密。公钥全网可见，任何参与节点均可用公钥加密信息，私钥只有信息拥有者知道，被公钥加密的信息只有使用私钥才能解密。公钥加密保证了信息的真实性和完整性，私钥解密确保了信息的安全性。

The ownership authentication mechanism within the block chain system is based on asymmetric encryption algorithms to ensure the credibility and security of the database. Asymmetric encryption algorithms refer to public and private keys used to encrypt and declassify data storage and transmission processes, respectively. Public key-wide visible, any participating node can encrypt information by public key, private key-owner only knows that information encrypted by a public key can only be declassified using private keys. Public key encryption guarantees the authenticity and integrity of information, and private key declassification ensures the security of information.

从产品的角度来看，2016年，区块链的应用已经突破了以比特币为代表的区块链1.0阶段，以以太坊为代表的区块链2.0得到了快速发展，智能合约成为继数字货币之后另一个典型的区块链产品。至2016年3月，以太坊的总市值已从年初的7000万美元增加到了11.5亿美元。与比特币相比，以太坊的最大特点是增加了智能合约功能，实现了“合同+仲裁者”的统一，并利用比特币的架构特点保证了体系的安全和公平。

From a product perspective, in 2016, the block chain was applied beyond phase 1.0 of the block chain, represented by Bitcoin, with a fast-growing block chain of 2.0, with smart contracts becoming another typical block chain product after digital money. By March 2016, the overall market value of the district had increased from $70 million at the beginning of the year to $1.15 billion. /span>span>strong>, compared to Bitcoin, the greatest feature of the district was the increased smart contract function, the unification of the “contract + arbiter” and the use of Bitcoin architecture features to ensure the security and equity of the system. /span>

通过软件定义智能合约，保证了合同条款的强制执行力，同时使得合约的条款一旦确定完成，任何第三方都无法进行篡改。以太坊的智能合约技术，为现实世界中缺乏信任和仲裁的应用场景提供了便捷、安全、公平的开发工具，当前基于以太坊平台的区块链应用已经超过328种，涵盖了金融服务、市场预测、电子竞技、彩票等多个行业领域。

By defining smart contracts in software, ensures enforcement of the terms of the contract, while making it impossible for any third party to tamper with the terms of the contract once they have been finalized. The smart contract technology of the Taipan provides a convenient, secure and equitable development tool for applications that lack trust and arbitration in the real world. More than 328 block-chain applications based on the Ether platform are currently available, covering a number of industry areas such as financial services, market forecasting, electronic competition, lottery, etc.

我国区块链产业发展正处在蓬勃向上的发展阶段，在资本市场的助力下涌现出了一大批的初创企业，同时，专注于金融创新的金融服务机构和力争抢占区块链市场蓝海的传统IT企业也纷纷加入到区块链技术和产业发展浪潮中。根据绝大多数区块链相关初创企业的发展方向，区块链的产业结构可以主要分为三个部分。

The development of the sector chain industry in our country is at a dynamic stage of development, with a large number of start-ups emerging with the help of capital markets, while traditional IT firms focusing on financial innovation and trying to capture the blue sea in the sector chain market have joined the wave of technology and industrial development in the sector chain. The structure of the sector chain can be divided into three main parts, depending on the direction in which the majority of the block chain is related to the development of the start-up enterprise.

（1）区块链核心技术和应用服务

(1) core block chain technology and application services

区块链核心技术和应用服务是指主要向用户提供区块链基础架构、系统集成和运维服务等。从大型企业来看，主要有两类企业。一类是从应用端出发，以应用为导向利用区块链技术来构建新型的服务架构，创新业务模式，这一类主要以行业企业为主，特别是我国很多互联网金融企业，典型代表包括了乐视金融、蚂蚁金融、微众银行等。另一类主要以IT企业为主，利用已有的技术积累和市场优势，积极拓展区块链相关业务，典型代表包括了世纪互联等。此外，大量创新型初创企业致力于发展区块链核心技术，以技术为引领不断探索商业模式，拓展应用市场。

The core technology and application services of the , in terms of large enterprises, are mainly two types of enterprises. , such as the application-oriented use of block chain technology to construct new service structures, innovative business models, mainly industry-based enterprises, especially many of the country's Internet-based financial enterprises, typically representatives of the financial sector, including finance, ant finance, microbanks, etc. >. The other group is mainly IT-based, using existing technological accumulations and market advantages, to actively expand sector chain-related operations, typically on behalf of centuries-old interconnectivity. In addition, a large number of innovative start-ups are committed to developing cluster core technologies and continuously explore business models, using technology as a guide, to expand the application of the market.

（2）数字货币交易平台

(2) Digital Currency Exchange Platform

比特币依然是区块链最典型也是最成功的应用案例，围绕比特币的产生、流通等环节，衍生出了一大批相关的服务企业，其中比特币交易平台发展速度最快，业务模式也最为成熟。近年来，随着我国在全球比特币交易中的持续活跃，我国已经成为了全球最大的比特币交易市场，培育出了一大批包括比特币在内的数字货币交易平台，代表企业包括：比特币中国（BTCC）、OkCoin、BTC100、火币网、比特币交易网、莱特币、比太钱包、Bitbank、币付宝等。2017年1月，由于比特币价格的暴涨暴跌，监管部门对火币网等三家交易平台进行约谈，要求其根据相关规定开展自查，依法合规经营，显示出比特币交易仍存在较大的市场风险。

bitcoin continues to be the most typical and successful application of the block chain, generating a large number of related service enterprises around the generation and circulation of bitcoin, including the fastest-growing and most mature business models of the Bitcoin trading platform. In recent years, as our country continues to be active in global bitcoin transactions, the country has become the largest bitcoin trading market in the world, fostering a large number of digital currency trading platforms, including Bitcoin, on behalf of three trading platforms such as: /span>bitcoin (BTCC), OkCoin, BTC100, the Currency Network, Lightco, Bitcoin, Bitbank, Currency.

（3）区块链信息服务

(3) block chain information service

随着区块链受到政府、市场等各方的高度关注，相关的新闻等咨询服务也不断涌现出来。2016年，我国部分专注于区块链的新闻网站和咨询服务均得到了快速发展。在区块链新闻网站中，典型代表包括了巴比特、区块链铅笔、区块链中国、比特头条、比特币中文网等。

has been rapidly developing in 2016 with news websites and advisory services partially focused on block chains. in sector news websites with typical representatives including Babbitt, block pencils, block chain China, Bithead, Bitcoin, etc.

政策特点：

Policy characteristics:

政策方面，区块链已成为我国信息产业创新突破的重点前沿领域。作为信息技术的创新前沿，我国高度重视区块链的技术和产业发展。面向数据货币应用，中国人民银行提出争取早日推出央行发行的数字货币，其中区块链被认为是理想的货币发行和流通基础技术，表明人民银行已经开始着手从应用端探索区块链的应用。

In terms of

2016年10月，工信部发布了《中国区块链技术和应用发展白皮书》，成为首个落地的区块链官方指导文件。

In October 2016, the Ministry of Information and Communications issued the White Paper on Technology and Applied Development in the Block Chains of China, which became the first official guidance document on block chains to land.

2016年12月，在国务院颁布的《“十三五”国家信息化规划》中，明确将区块链同人工智能、大数据等看作为战略性前沿技术。

, December 2016, in the State Department's National Informatization Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan, explicitly identified block chains with artificial intelligence, big data, etc. as a strategic front-line technology.

在工信部发布的《软件和信息技术服务业发展规划（2016-2020年）》中明确提出力争到2020年，区块链等领域创新达到国际先进水平。各地方也积极探索发展和应用区块链的有效路径，杭州、苏州、深圳、贵阳、大同等市纷纷成立区块链实验室、研究院，明确提出要围绕数字经济、互联网治理和大数据发展中的价值实现推动区块链的政用、民用和商用。

, published by the Ministry of Industry and Communications, in the Development Plan for Software and Information Technology Services (2016-2020), explicitly aims to achieve international excellence by 2020 > , with innovations in areas such as block chains. Effective paths to the development and application of block chains are also actively explored in various locations, including Hangzhou, Suzhou, Shenzhen, Guiyang, the Great Equivalent City and the establishment of sector chain laboratories and research institutes, with clear proposals to promote the use, civil and commercial use of block chains around the value of the digital economy, Internet governance and the development of large data.

（二）企业特点

(ii) Business characteristics

企业方面，行业巨头纷纷加快区块链领域的布局与发展。随着区块链技术和应用的不断深入，我国行业企业和IT领军企业纷纷加大了对区块链的投资力度，力争抢占区块链创新发展的时代机遇。

As the technology and application of the block chain deepens, our industry and IT-led enterprises have increased their investment in the block chain in an effort to seize the opportunities of an era of innovation in the sector chain.

我国互联网巨头，阿里巴巴、腾讯、百度也加大了在区块链领域的布局力度：阿里巴巴通过蚂蚁金服打造基于区块链的公益服务平台；腾讯推出了基于腾讯云的联盟链云服务；百度与区块链技术公司Circle达成战略合作。此外，乐视、京东、万达网络、众安科技等企业也纷纷推出区块链发展计划，着力开发基于区块链的应用服务。

Our Internet giants, Ali Baba, Tseng, Pedu, have also stepped up their layout in the area of block chains: Alibaba has built a public service platform based on block chains through ant gold uniforms; Queng has launched a coalition cloud-based service; 100 people have entered into strategic cooperation with Circle, a block-chain technology company. In addition, businesses such as Xinyang, Kyundong, Wanda Network, People's Science and Technology have launched a block-chain-based development programme that focuses on the development of sector-based application services.

（三）应用特点

(iii) Application features

应用方面，区块链行业应用仍处在探索期。尽管区块链备受各方的高度关注，但在实际应用中，除比特币之外尚没有形成具有广泛可借鉴价值的典型应用。

In the application of , the block chain industry is still in an exploratory phase. While the block chain is of high interest to all parties, no typical application with a wide range of applicable values has been developed in the practical application except for Bitcoin.

麦肯锡发布的报告《区块链——银行业游戏规则的颠覆者》指出，在金融领域，区块链的典型应用场景包括数字货币、跨境支付与结算、票据与供应链金融、证券发行与结算和客户征信与反欺诈。在我国，区块链的应用也是以金融领域为主，总体上应用发展仍处在探索中，尚未形成典型的成熟案例。

The report McKenzie published, Block Chains - Subversors of Banking Rules, states that, in the financial sphere, the typical applications of block chains include digital currency, cross-border payments and settlements, instruments and supply chain finance, securities issuance and settlement, and customer letters and anti-fraud. in our country, the application of block chains is also dominated by the financial field, and overall application development is still under exploration and no typical mature case has yet emerged.

中国平安、中国银联、蚂蚁金融等企业在区块链应用探索中仅限于非核心业务，乐视金融等企业在应用中主要聚焦于内部的服务管理，应用能力和经验并没有向外界开放。

Enterprises such as China’s Peace, China’s Silver Union, and Ant Finance are restricted to non-core operations in the exploration of block-chain applications, and they are happy to see that financial and other enterprises focus mainly on internal service management in their applications, and that their application capabilities and experience are not open to the outside world.

在布比、世纪互联等典型企业的带动下，当前在政务管理、民生服务、食品溯源、供应链管理等场景中已经形成了一些应用案例，但还有待进一步优化和完善。

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