以太坊（Ethereum）

链客，专为开发者而生，有问必答！

Chains & #xff0c; Specialized for developers & #xff0c; Questions & #xff01;

此文章来自链客区块链技术问答社区，未经允许拒绝转载。

The article is from Technical Questions and Answers on Chain Blocks & #xff0c; it is rejected without permission.

项目介绍

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是第一代智能合约途径，也常常被称作为区块链2.0，2013年由Vitalik Burtain建议。官网上的宣传语（Slogan）是：

It is the first generation of smart contracts & #xff0c; it is also often referred to as the block chain 2.0， it was suggested by Vitalik Burtain in 2013.

区块链使用途径（Blockchain APP Platform）

#xff08; Blockshain APP Platform）

以太坊是一个支撑作业智能合约的途径，智能合约是一段结束某种功用或许服务的代码，智能合约+用户界面就能够理解为现在说的Dapp（去中心化使用，Decentralized Application）。

Ether is a way to support an operating intelligence contract & #xff0c; an intelligent contract is a code that ends a certain function or service & #xff0c; an intelligent contract & #43; the user interface can be understood as Dapp（ decentralizing the use of xff0c; decisionralized Application）

作业在以太坊上的Dapp，具有永不宕机，透明，抗审查和抗第三方烦扰等中心化app没有的优点。而支撑Dapp这套架构的反面，其实是一个涣散在国际各地的节点网络，是一个名副其实的国际超级核算机。

Dapp， at the Etheria; with a never-ending machine & #xff0c; transparency & #xff0c; and resistance to censorship and third-party troubles. The opposite side of Dapp’s structure xff0c; a network of nodes scattered around the world xff0c; and a truly international super-accountator.

以太坊的崛起归因于Token发行，2017年ICO的张狂，许多项目方由于以太坊发行Token的简略性，都运用以太坊来发行Token进行融资，乃至许多有自己代币的主链项目，为了提早取得认同，也会用以太坊发行替代Token来融资，等候主链上线后再做1对1映射。巨大的需求性，使得以太坊一战成名，名气和市值双丰收。社区里边，许多用户除了知道比特币，最多了解的便是以太坊了。

Token's rise was attributed to Token's release & #xff0c; ICO's Jang #xff0c in 2017; many projects have been used to distribute Token's brevity & #xff0c; to distribute Token's financing & #xff0c; and many major chains with their own tokens & #xff0c; to obtain early recognition & #xff0c; to distribute Token's replacement #xff0c; to wait for a one-to-one shot on the main chain.

发行的代币逻辑实践上是写在以太坊里的智能合约，作业合约需求耗费以太坊的Gas，Gas需求用以太坊自己本身的流通代币（ETH）来购买，这变相导致了ETH的需求陡增，价格更是水涨船高。直到现在，ETH的市值仍然是老二的方位。

The issue of the token logic is written in Ether's smart contract & #xff0c; the demand for the operating contract consumes Gas， from Tai's own mobile currency & #xff08; ETH） to purchase xff0c; this has led to a sharp increase in the demand of Ether & #xff0c; the higher price of the ship. Until now xff0c; the market value of the ETH remains the same as that of the younger brother.

ICO不只给以太坊带来了市值的飞涨，相同带来了许多开发者，尽管现在以太坊遭受了功用瓶颈，可是后来的公链项目，在开发者的数量上，也从来没有跨越过以太坊，这也是以太坊能持续在今天飞速打开的重要原因了。

The ICO has brought not only the surging market value of Etheria & #xff0c; the same has brought many developers & #xff0c; despite the current bottlenecks in Etheria & #xff0c; the subsequent public chain project & #xff0c; the number of developers & #xff0c; and never crossed Ether & #xff0c; this is also an important reason why the Etherium can continue to open at today's speed.

2019年会是公链打架的一年，起步在2014~2016年的几个公有链项目，都是剑指新式智能合约途径方位，针对以太坊的功用提出了新的优化计划，这些项目中包含Cardano，Tezos，Dfinity，Polkadot等，其间有曾任以太坊CTO——GavinWood主导的Polkadot，以太坊前支撑者，主导ETC分叉的重要任务的开发者——Charles Hoskinson带领的Cardano，还有好些项目都是前以太坊技能大拿跳出以太社区后新做的项目，这些竞赛者必定会给以太坊带来巨大的威胁。

The 2019 conference was a year of public-chain fights xff0c; several public-chain projects xff0c started in 2014-2016; all of them were new intelligent contract paths xff0c; new optimization plans were proposed for the use of the courthouse xff0c; these projects included Cardano， Tezos， Dfinity， Polkadot et al. and xff0c; there were new projects formerly carried out by the Tails CTO-Gavinwood-led Polkadotxff0c; the supporters of the courthouse xff0c; the developers of the important task that dominates the ETC staircases — Charles Hoskinson xff0c; and many others were new projects that were carried out after the xff0c c a

而以太坊是否能持续领跑智能合约途径，2019年是要害的一年，而2019年也是以太坊从PoW一起转型PoS一起要害的一年，还有咱们最关怀的功用晋级计划——分片（Sharding）等等，假定进程中不出什么幺蛾子，以太坊故步自封的结束既有计划，或许以太坊还能持续占有智能途径一哥的方位。

In 2019, it was also 2019, the year in which it transformed PoS from PoW to PoS together & #xff0c; and our best-interested promotion plan — segment #xff08; Sharding #xff09; et cetera — #xff0c; assuming no moths in the process xff0c; ending existing plans #xff0c — sealed by the Taipan; and perhaps still holding the position of a brother with a smart path.

代币状况

The status of the tokens

以太坊的代币叫以太，代号是ETH。2014年建议众筹，总发行量是7.2千万枚，其间，6千万枚ETH给众筹用户，1.2千万枚ETH给以太坊基金会和前期开发者，其他还有给矿工的增发机制，以太坊PoW一起，一个块有3枚ETH奖赏，孤块或许弃块也有0.625~2.625枚ETH的奖赏（和比特币不相同），按照15s一个块来说（不存在孤块或许弃块的状况下），每年发行新的ETH数量为630万。ETH每年的增发有硬顶，硬顶是1.8千万枚ETH，这意味着ETH的增发是固定的。

In 2014, it was proposed to raise xff0c; total circulation was 70 million xff0c; total circulation was 70 million xff0c; total number xff0c; 60 million ETHs for popular users xff0c; 12 million ETHs for Ether Foundation and previous developers xff0c; other xff0c for miners xff08 for 15 syllables; three xff0cs for a block; possibly 0.625~2.625 ETHs for orphan pieces xff08; different amounts for Bitcoins xff09; ffff0c; no orphan may drop (

考虑到每年由于各种原因丢币的状况（如销毁、去世、丢币），理论上，以太坊社区以为现在的增发份额能满足必定均衡，即坚持ETH的总量不再持续增多。

Taking into account the situation of annual currency loss for various reasons xff08; e.g. destruction, death, loss of currency xff09; xff0c; theoretical xff0c; the belief of the Taiwan community that the current increase in the share meets the necessary balance xff0c; i.e. the insistence that the total quantity of the ETH does not continue to increase.

可是现在这种状况，跟着以太坊从PoW一起转向PoS一起进程中会发生改动。称号为康斯坦丁（Constantinople）的硬分叉，就有EIP（以太坊提案缩写）提议修正奖赏机制，期望将现在以太坊的区块奖赏从3ETH降到2ETH。作为一种降通胀的方法，以太坊官方博客在2014年宣告了对以太坊的通胀说明：

But this is now the situation xff0c; changes will occur in the process of moving from PoW to PoS with Tai Ho, known as Konstantin & #xff08; Constantinple & #xff09; hard fork xff0c; EIP（ abbreviation xff09; proposal to amend the reward mechanism xff0c; expectation to reduce the reward from 3ETH to 2ETH as a way of reducing inflation xff0c; announcement of the xff1a for the Tai Hoon official blog in 2014;

经济型通胀分为两种，一种依据ETH的价格来增发，一种是依据ETH的数量来增发，这两种不能彻底分开，由于依据数量的增发往往会影响价格。以太坊挑选的是后者——依据数量来增发，考虑到每年的丢币，现在以数量做增发的份额来核算，以太坊实践上是一个紧缩性钱银。由于每年增发有硬顶1.8千万，第一年的增发率是1.8/(1.8+6)-1%=22%，第二年的增发率是1.8（1.8*2+6）-1%=17%，以此类推，每年的通胀率是下降的（其间1%是指每年的丢币量比率）。这样，大约在64年后，通胀率会下降到1%左右。

Economic inflation is divided into two types: xff0c; xff0c, based on the prices of ETH; xff0c, based on the quantity of ETH; xff0c, which cannot be completely separated; xff0c, which is often influenced by the increase in volume. The latter is selected by the Tails - based on the increase in volume; xff0c, taking into account the annual rate of currency loss xff0c; xff0c, which is now accounted for in quantitative terms; xff0c, based on the practice of ETH; 1 millionxff0c, based on the volume of ETH; xff0c, due to the increase in the number of hard ceilings per year; 18 millionxff0c; 1 per cent inflation rate per year; 04 per cent inflation rate per year; ff, which is about 09

而到真实的PoS阶段，奖赏还或许会发生新的改变。在我写这本书的时分，以太坊正要预备进行康斯坦丁的硬分叉，Casper FFG的奖赏模型还没没有彻底招认，但现在能够能够招认的是，每年设置的增发硬顶是不会变的，乃至或许比这还少。

And the real PoS phase & #xff0c; the reward may have changed. When I write this book & #xff0c; Etheria is preparing for Constantine's hard fork #xff0c; Casper FFG's reward model xff0c has not yet been fully admitted; but it is now possible to admit xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; perhaps less than that.

代币效果

Currency Effect

ETH充任以太坊网络资源运用手续费的效果。以太坊是一个国际核算机，当一个程序需求跑在以太坊网络上时，以太坊需求为其分配足够的网络资源（核算，存储，带宽等），那么以太坊是怎样招认应该分配资源多少呢？

Ether is an international accounting machine & #xff0c; & #xff0c when a program needs to run on the Taiteng network & #xff08; accounting for #xff0c; storage & #xff0c; bandwidth & #xff09; #xff0c; #xff0c; how much should be allocated #xff1f;

以太坊采取了资源运用计费的方法，也便是说，按照作业的代码所需耗费的资源量计费，来收取作业者的费用，这个费用便是ETH，这也是ETH在以太坊中的根底效果了。

The method of charging for the use of resources is xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; xff0c for operators; this is ETHxff0c; this is also the root effect of ETH in Etheria.

详细的计价是这样的，一个程序的作业费用=Gas x Gas Price。这儿的Gas是对应于一个生意(Transaction)中以太坊虚拟机(EVM)的实践运算步数，Gas Price是指作业着愿意给每一个Gas付多少钱，钱也ETH计价，最小单位是Gwei，1ETH=10^9Gwei。

Detailed calculations are xff0c; operating costs of a program 61; Gas x Gas Price. Gas here corresponds to the practical steps in a business (Transaction) using the Tahrir Virtual Machine (EVM) xff0c; Gas Price refers to the amount of money that the operation is willing to pay each Gas xff0c; money is also ETH xff0c; the smallest unit is Gweixff0c; 1ETH61; 10~9Gwei.

打开路程

Open the path.

以太坊打开路程分为5个首要开发阶段（大晋级），和屡次的硬分叉开发阶段（小晋级），小晋级穿插在5次大晋级期间。硬分叉的出现并不都是计划的，有的是为了处理社区问题，有的是为了处理线上bug，有的是为大晋级做预备的。比方，闻名的DAO被侵略作业，便是处理资金被盗的问题的。

The opening of the path with the Tai Po is divided into five primary stages of development xff08; xff09; xff0c; xff08; xff09; xff0c; and repeated hard fork development phases xff08; xff0c; xff0c; xff0c. Hard fork does not always appear to be planned xff0c; xff0c; xff0c) to deal with community issues xff0c; xff0c) to deal with wires; xff0c; xff0c; xff0c; the famous DAO was attacked xff0c; and xff0c) to deal with the theft of funds.

每次硬分叉都会有社区不合，不合的效果或许会导致社区割裂，DAO作业的硬分叉就导致了以太坊社区割裂成了以太坊和以太坊经典，代币也分红了两个——ETH和ETC。可是硬分叉却又是必须的，由于区块链前期阶段的代码并不是很完善，可扩展性并没有那么强，后期扩展就必须要要写新的代码，而不能在原本的代码上缝缝补补。当写出来的代码越写越多时，会发现向后兼容越来越困难，假定硬是写代码兼容或许会导致各种意料不到的风险，这对一个金融体系来说可不是什么积德行善，所以最好的计划便是重写，不对曾经的代码做兼容。以太坊上有许屡次由基金会主导的硬分叉。

At each hard fork, there will be no community xff0c; the effect of the fork may be that the community splits xff0c; the hard fork in the DAO operation will lead to the fork in the Ether community breaking into the Ether and Ether Classic xff0c; the tokens will also redecorate two ETH and Etc. But the hard fork will be necessary xff0c; because the code at the pre-block stage of the block chain may not be so perfect xff0c; expansion may not be so strong xff0c; later expansion will have to write a new code xff0c; it will not be sewn up on the original code.

下面的时刻表，是在2015年3月由Vinay Gutpa在提出来的，Vinay Gutpa首要提了4个大阶段，包含前沿，家乡，大都会和安静，后被社区选用。其实，在前沿之前还有一个奥林匹克查验网的阶段，有些资料会把查验网和前沿写成是一个阶段，或许是由于两个阶段离的很近，功用又很像，就写到一起了，我在这儿清楚一下。

xff0c; xff0c, proposed by Vinay Gutpa in March 2015; xff0c; Vinay Gutpa started with four major phases xff0c; including the frontier xff0c; home xff0c; Metropolis and quiet xff0c; then was selected by the community. In fact xff0c; there was also an Olympic screening network phase xff0c before the frontier; some information would be written into a phase xff0c; perhaps due to the closeness of the two phases xff0c; it was similar to ffff0c; it was written together xff0c; I was clear here.

· 奥林匹克（Olympic testnet）：查验网，时刻是2015年5月

• Olympic & #xff08; Olympistnet & #xff09; & #xff1a; Identification Network & #xff0c; May 2015

· 前沿（Frontier）：从第0个块开始，时刻是2015年7月~2016年3月，发布以太坊1.0。

• Frontline & #xff08; Frontier & #xff09; & #xff1a; starting with block 0 & #xff0c; July 2015 ~ March 2016 & #xff0c; release in Tai Tai Hwan 1.0.

· 冰河世纪（ICE AGE）- 在200000区块引入指数级难度增加的一个难题，鼓动向权益证明的过渡

• Ice Age xff08; ICE AGE） xff0c; xff0c; a difficulty of increasing the difficulty of introducing index levels in block 200000; advocating the transition to proof of entitlement

· 家乡（Homestead）：从1,150,000区块开始，时刻是2016年3月~2017年10月，将以太坊1.0从Alpha带到了Beta阶段。

• Home & #xff08; Homestead & #xff09; & #xff1a; from 1 150,000 blocks & #xff0c; March ~ October 2017 & #xff0c; will be taken from Alpha to Beta phase with Taiga 1.0.

· DAO - 在1192000区块恢复被损坏的DAO合约的硬分叉，导致以太坊和以太坊经典分红两个竞赛体系。

DAO - Restoration of the damaged Dao contract hard fork #xff0c in block 1192000; resulting in a two-track system of competitions between the Ether and Etheron classics.

· 大都会（Metropolis）：从4370000区块开始，时刻是2017年10月发起，首要是行进用户的运用体会。

Metropolis & #xff08; Metropolis & #xff09; & #xff1a; starting with 4370,000 blocks & #xff0c; launched in October 2017 & #xff0c; first and foremost the Applied Society of Applied Users.

· Byzantium 拜占庭，大都会的第一阶段

• Byzantium Byzantium & #xff0c; Phase 1 in Metropolis

· Constantinople 康斯坦丁，大都会的第二阶段

• Constantinople Constantine #xff0c; Phase 2 of Metropolis

· 安静（Serenity）：还没发布发起日期，首要是转型到PoS

• Quiet xff08; Service xff09; xff1a; launch date xff0c not yet published; first and foremost transition to PoS

安静这个阶段，Vitalik界说了这个阶段一些说明，如下图：

Quiet at this stage xff0c; Vitalik has given some explanations for this phase xff0c; figure xff1a below;

在写这本书的时分，以太坊的晋级正在进行大都会的第二阶段康斯坦丁。康斯坦丁包含两个重要的晋级，1个是下降区块奖赏，从3ETH降到2ETH；一个做PoS一起的转型。这次社区关于硬分叉的定见比较一起，一般状况下，不会有分叉币发生。

At the time of writing of the book xff0c; Etheria's promotion is in the second phase of the Metropolis Constantine. Constantine has two important promotions xff0c; one is a drop block reward xff0c; one is a transition from 3ETH to 2ETH； one is a transition with PoS. The community's fixation of hard fork is a comparison xff0c; in general xff0c; there will be no split currency.

在康斯坦丁硬分叉完毕后，以太坊基金会应该会着手预备最重要的第四阶段的晋级，这部分的晋级是至关重要的转型晋级，也是最早在以太坊发布技能黄皮书时分就挑选的，到时分Casper上台。

xff0c after Constantine's hard split has been completed; the Ethera Foundation should be preparing for the most important phase of the fourth promotion xff0c; this part of the promotion is a critical part of the transition promotion xff0c; xff0c, which was also selected at the earliest when the skills yellow paper was published in Ether; and Casper will be on the stage by then.

Casper FFG和Casper CBC

Casper FFG and Casper CBC

Capser一起的打开要害，我觉得有两个，1个是抵押金-削减（Deposit-Slashing）战略，2是BFT拜占庭一起。再引入拜占庭一起之前，原本的第2个要害叫做是押注一起（Consensus by bet），但后来押注一起被BFT替代了。

Capperser opens key xff0c; I think there are two xff0cs; one is mortgage xff08; Deposit-Slashing） Strategy xff0c; and two is BFT Byzantium together. Before the Byzantium was introduced xff0c; the original second was called bet xff08; Consensus by bet） xff0c; but the bet was replaced by BFT together.

押注一起首要是为了取得PoS一起出块的究竟招认性，这个概念归于PoW的衍生寓，PoW里边矿工通过押注算力、电力资源来取得出块时机，但每个高度只需一个块，许多矿工的作业量其实是糟蹋的，换个说明便是许多矿工投入了自己的资源，来抵达一起，取得出块的矿工取得了奖赏，而大部分人是没有奖赏的。而PoS的验证人要取得奖赏也需求进行押注：即在出块高度，验证人挑选对已出来的区块进行验证，被押注最多的哪个块会成为新高度，然后取得奖赏，反之，则不会取得奖赏，并且会被扣除对应的抵押金。

The first point of the bet is to obtain the acceptance xff0c of PoS together; this concept is attributed to PoW's derivative xff0c; PoW miners get the time xff0c; but at each altitude only one xff0c; many miners do the work of xff0c; a different note is that many miners invest their own resources xff0c; arrive xff0c; get the prize xff0c; most miners get the prize xff0c; most people get the reward xffc; then the certifying officer of PoS gets the reward xff1a; i.e., at the height xff0c; the certifier selects to authenticate the blocks xff0c; xxx 0xxxfxxxxxxxxxffx; fffffff not; and xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxffffx.

以太坊的PoS算法分为两个版别，一个叫Casper FFG（Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget），由Vitalik领衔；一个Casper CBC（Casper the Friendly GHOST:Correct-by-Construction），由Vlad Zamfir领衔。精确来说FFG是一种PoW和PoS的一种混合一起，CBC是一种纯PoS一起。

The PoS algorithm of the Tai Pa is divided into two editions & #xff0c; one called Casper FFFG（ Casper the Financiality Gadget） & #xff0c; Vitalik's title & #xff1b; one Casper CBC& Xff08; Casper the Friendly GHOST: Correct-by-Construction） & #xff0c; title by Vlad Zamfir. Exactly speaking, FFG is a Pure PoW and PoS mix #xff0c; CBC is a Pure PoS.

Casper开始只需一个版别，从2014年开始研讨，分红两种版其他时刻点是在Vitalik为Casper引入BFT机制后，Vlad关于现有BFT的结束计划不太认同，转而选用了一种叫Correct by Construction" (CBC)的计划替代，才有了新的Casper CBC版别，两者大约的时刻周期是：

Casper started with only one version of xff0c; started with xff0c in 2014; the other points in the red version were after Vitalik introduced the BFT mechanism for Casper xff0c; Vlad's end plan for the existing BFT was less favourable to xff0c; instead a plan called Correct by Construction#34; (CBC) replaced xff0c; the new Casper CBC page xff0c; the approximate time cycle was xff1a;

· Casper FFG（2017年Q3）

• Casper FFG& #xff08; 2017 Q3 #xff09;

· Casper CBC（2018~）

咱们都会比较疑问为什么以太坊的PoS要研讨这么长时刻，假定2019年还不能安顿的话，那么这前前后后花了5年了，这5年里边有许多项目都依据PoS上了主链，其间不乏一些超卓的项目，2014年的Tezos现已在2018年上线了主网，2016年的项目，Cosmos和Cardano也声称会在2019年上线主网。这么一比，速度差距就出来了。可是社区也有说辞，有3点原因：

We would all wonder why the PoS of Tai Tai was going to look at such a long time xff0c; assuming that it could not be settled in 2019 xff0c; then it took five years before and after xff0c; there were many projects in five years based on PoS on the main chain xff0c; there were some extraordinary projects xff0c; Tezos in 2014 was now online xff0c; projects in 2016 xff0c; Cosmos and Cardano also claimed that they would be online in 2019. Such a ratio xff0c; the speed gap came up. But the community also said xff0c; there were three reasons xff1a;

· PoW改PoW比身世便是PoS要杂乱的多

PoW is more messy than PoS is.

· DAO被侵略成为社区不合

• The invasion of DAO into communal discord

· 上海DOS侵略

• Shanghai DOS aggression

这些原因直接导致了PoS研讨的延期，其间DAO时刻和DOS侵略让社区涣散精力的时刻起码在半年以上。

These causes directly led to the postponement of the PoS study xff0c, during which the DAO moment and the DOS aggression caused the community to lose its energy at least for more than six months.

2017年初，Casper开始重新进入干流的研讨周期，后来也出现了像Casper FFG和Casper CBC这样的研讨主力。

At the beginning of 2017 xff0c; Casper began to re-enter the dry flow cycle xff0c; later, there was also a research focus such as Casper FFG and Casper CBC.

FFG和CBC两种版别独立打开，除了在一起上有必定的不同，在鼓动和赏罚上也有不同，FFG建议小惩小罚，CBC建议大概押金大罚，并且要罚要罚悉数相关人员。FFG的规划要相关于简略，且查验用智能合约的方法来安顿施行，CBC则是独立于PoW外一种彻底干净的PoS一起，结束起来较为杂乱，且理论上能够挂在任何PoW的上层。总的来说，两者都是以太坊转型的计划，政策也相同，只不过用了不同的技能方法，Vitalik在一次Twitter的脑筋风暴中，对FFG和CBC进行了总结：

Both versions of FFG and CBC open xff0c independently; apart from the inevitable differences between xff0c; xff0c for motivation and reward; xff0c for recommendation of minor penalties xff0c; FFG for recommendation of a general deposit xff0c; and to impose penalties on relevant persons. FFG planning is related to a brief xff0c; xff0c for verification of the use of smart contracts to settle xff0c; xff0c; xff0c for an entirely clean PoS together xff0c separate from PoW; xalik for an #xff0c storm; #xff0c for an #Cffx1; #Cffx

34. In simplest terms, in Casper CBC the finality overlay adapts to the fork choice rule, whereas in Casper FFG the fork choice rule adapts to the finality overlay.

翻译为：简略来说，Casper CBC的究竟招认层适用于分叉挑选的规则，而Casper FFG的分叉挑选规则适用于究竟招认层

Translating to xff1a; briefly xff0c; rules of the Casper CBC applicable to fork selection xff0c; rules of the Kasper FFFG for fork selection applicable to fork selection

现在两个计划都没能落地，两者的研讨团队都在加大马力，期望能成为最早安顿的那个计划。从Vitalik的Twitter中能够看得到两个团队的竞赛很剧烈，但究竟CBC的杂乱度更高 ，所以FFG在2019年内首要安顿的或许性很高。加上以太坊从PoW转PoS进程中会碰到许多问题，转型必定阻止重重，那么FFG这种从PoW转型到混合的PoW+PoW的过渡方法，或许会是一个更好的计划。PoW-FFG-CBC也契合以太坊社区至始至终寻求纯PoS一起的理念。

Now, neither of the two programs has been able to land #xff0c; both teams are increasing their power & #xff0c; they expect to be the first to settle. The competition between the two teams is intense from Vitalik's Twitter, #xff0c; but the & #xff0c of the CBC is even more chaotic; so the FFG is probably more likely to settle first in 2019. Adding to the problems that will be encountered in the PoW-Pos process & xff0c; the transition must stop a lot #xff0c; the FFG transition from PoW to a mixed PoW #43; PoW's transition method #xff0c; and perhaps a better plan. PoW-FFG-CBC also shares the idea of seeking pure Pos from the end of the community to the end.

从现在发展来看，以太坊的第5阶段——安静，极有或许先施行FFG，咱们也很有或许看到以太坊的第6个阶段，或许是纯PoS的结束（CBC）。

From now on, xff0c; xff0c; xff0c — quiet xff0c; FFG #xff0c — very likely first; xff0c — probably the end of Pure PoS xff08; CBC xff09 ; ; ; ; ; ;