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图：Pando：互联网的最佳隐喻
在讨论互联网时，我喜欢用的一个类比是位于美国犹他州的“Pando”，它是这个世界上最大的生物体，占地42公顷，重量超过6000吨。
When discussing the Internet, I like to use the analogy of “Pando” in Utah, United States, which is the world's largest organism, with 42 hectares and a weight of over 6,000 tons.
你可以把它看成一棵树，也可以把它看成很多棵树，这取决于你对一棵树的定义。
You can see it as a tree or as a lot of trees, depending on your definition of a tree.
在地面上，Pando是一片茂密的森林，而在地底下，这些树有着同一个庞大的、单一的根系。
On the ground, Pando is a dense forest, and beneath the ground, these trees have the same vast, single roots.
今天的互联网，地面上有众多的互联网公司、政府互联网应用、工业互联网应用等等，地底下，它像Pando一样也是同一个根系。
Today's Internet, there are many Internet companies on the ground, government Internet applications, industrial Internet applications and so on, and below it is the same root system as Pando.
站在当下看区块链，我们会觉得，似乎又一个新的庞大根系在以惊人速度生长，地表上也有几棵新树在长出来。现在众人关注区块链，是因为地表的几棵新树很不一样。
Looking at the block chain at the moment, it seems to us that a new large roots are growing at an alarming rate, and that there are a few new trees on the ground. Now people are concerned about the block chain because the new trees on the ground are very different.
当下，我们很多人是看着一个种子在设想它会长成什么样的植物、开出什么花、结出什么果。
At the moment, many of us are watching a seed imagine what kind of plant it will grow, what flowers it will bloom and what fruits it will produce.
我们也像是看着地面上的几棵小树苗，就去展望未来的茂密森林和多样化的生态。
We also look at a few small tree seedlings on the ground and look to the future of dense forests and diverse ecosystems.
实际上，在摸索试错的过程、在技术研发的过程中、在应用的过程中，如果能尽量回到根本去理解区块链技术是什么，逐渐看清地底下的根系究竟是什么，我们可能可以更好地一起培育出地面上的森林与生态。
In fact, in the process of trying out wrongs, in the process of technological development and in the course of application, we may be better able to cultivate forests and ecology on the ground together if we can go as far as the fundamental understanding of what the block chain technology is and gradually see what the roots of the ground are.
我们也还不知道，这个根系是跟现在的信息互联网是紧密缠绕形成一个更庞大的根系，还是另一个真正全新的根系。
We also do not know whether this root system is closely entangled with the current information Internet to form a bigger root, or another truly new root.
区块链特征之一：唯一性
现在，由于均在探索，众人对区块链是什么还没能形成完全一致的观点，但已经有一些共同的认知在实践中开始涌现。
Now, as a result of all the explorations, there is not yet a complete convergence of views on what the block chain is, but there are already some common perceptions that have begun to emerge in practice.
其一是“唯一性”。
The first is “simpleness”.
这次两会期间，科技互联网业的代表委员也在各种采访中谈及对区块链的理解，李彦宏与马化腾均提及了唯一性这个特点。
During the two sessions, representatives of the science and technology Internet industry also spoke in various interviews about their understanding of the block chain, and both Li Yinghong and Magenteng referred to the uniqueness.
互联网上信息的传递方式是复制一份副本，李彦宏对比指出，
The way information is transmitted on the Internet is by copying a copy.
“区块链到来之后，可以真正使虚拟物品变得唯一，这样的互联网跟以前的互联网会是非常不一样的。”
“When the block chain arrives, it can really make virtual objects unique, and such an Internet would be very different from the previous Internet.”
马化腾也表达了同样的观点，他说，
The same view was expressed by Maitten, who said,
“区块链确实是一项具有创新性的技术，用数字化表达唯一性，如票据等问题，区块链技术将能解决传统出现两份或多份的问题，区块链可以模拟现实中的实物唯一性。“
“The block chain is indeed an innovative technology that expresses uniqueness in terms of digitalization, such as instruments, that will solve two or more of the traditional problems, and that can simulate physical exclusivity in reality.”
唯一性，也就是人们在讨论比特币机制说的，它实现了类似与“现金”的机制，解决了在虚拟世界中把钱花两次也就是所谓的“双花”问题，从而让区块链技术可以用于在个人与个人间进行价值的转移。
The singularity, as the Bitcoin mechanism has been discussed, has achieved a mechanism similar to that of “cash”, resolving the problem of spending money twice in the virtual world, the so-called “double flowers”, so that block chain technology can be used to transfer value between individuals.
区块链特征之二：“不可篡改”
其二是“不可篡改”特性。 The second is the “non-alterable” character. 达成共识后记录到区块链中的信息是不可篡改的，或者说对它的信息的所有变动都是留有修改痕迹的，这也是对区块链技术的一个普遍认同的认知。 The information recorded in the block chain as a result of the consensus is inexorable, or all changes to its information are marked with modifications, which is also a widely shared perception of block chain technology. 以太坊上的比如用于发放ERC20标准的代币的智能合约在部署之后，也是不可修改的或严格说不可篡改的。 Smart contracts such as those used to issue the ERC20 standard are also non-reformable or strictly non-reformable after deployment. 不可篡改特性是区块链的信任来源之一。 The immutable character is one of the sources of trust in the block chain. 不可篡改特性可能并非区块链的最核心的特性，但它可能是最容易被设想和应用的。这就类似于，把区块链看成是一个分布式的可信账本，这不会是区块链最核心的用途，但可能是当下最容易理解、可直接使用的用途。 The immutable character may not be the most central feature of the block chain, but it may be the most easily conceived and applied. This is similar to the view of the block chain as a distributed and credible account, which is not the most central use of the block chain, but may be the most readily understood and directly usable use at the moment. 现在，很多应用设想就是利用这一特性，将区块链技术用到农产品溯源、进口商品溯源等方面： Many applications now envisage the use of this characteristic for the application of block chain technology to the traceability of agricultural products, the traceability of imports, etc.: 比如京东联合生鲜领域的品牌厂商建立了”京东区块链防伪追溯平台“； For example, a branded manufacturer in the United Lives and Lives area in Kyoto has set up a “Platform for the Prevention of Pseudo-Retrospection” of the Golden East Block Chain. 比如阿里系的菜鸟网络和天猫国际用区块链的这一特性来记录跨境进口商品的物流全链路信息。 For example, Ali's web of rookies and Skycat International uses this feature of the block chain to record logistics-wide information on cross-border imports. 比如新创公司溯源链（Traceability Chain）以二维码、RFID作为入口进行溯源，用户可以追踪到商品的生产、储存、出仓等信息。它将药品、食品作为主要切入窗口。 For example, the new company traceability chain is traced to two-dimensional codes, RFID, and users can track the production, storage, warehousing, etc. of commodities. It uses pharmaceuticals, foods, as the main entry window. 区块链特征之三：“信用层” 其三是”信用层“。 The third is the “credit pool”. 如何在所有各方相互不信任的假设下，形成信任，过去在线下和线上我们依靠的都是中心化的权威机构。 How to build trust under the assumption of mutual distrust on all sides, we used to rely on centralized authorities, both online and online. 区块链技术带来的变化是，它用分布式计算的一致性算法和区块链的链式数据存储机制，让参与各方（也就是在数字世界中代表我们的计算机）基于算法形成了信任。 The change brought about by block chain technology is that it uses distributed consistency algorithms and chain-based data storage mechanisms for block chains to create confidence among the parties involved (i.e., the computers that represent us in the digital world) based on algorithms. 区块链专家、以太坊顾问董事威廉·穆贾雅在《商业区块链》认为，这给互联网增加了一个”信用层“（the trust layer），用他的话说： William Mujaya, a block chain expert and Ether's adviser, argued in Business Block Chain that this added a “trust player” to the Internet, in his words: “信用的去中心化”使得 “Decentization of credit” makes it possible for 由此，在互联网中，在信息流动的WWW协议层旁边，多了一个价值流动的区块链信用层。 As a result, on the Internet, there is an additional block chain of credit for the flow of information, next to the WWW protocol layer. 从这个特性展开的区块链应用也有不少。 There are also a number of block chains that operate from this feature. 比如不久前雄安特区上线了区块链租房应用平台，房产信息、房东房客信息、租赁合同信息等存储区块链中，也即交易各方的信任是基于区块链信用层达成的。 For example, a block chain rental application platform has recently been set up in Yuan SAR, and in the chain of storage areas such as property information, landlord information, rental contract information, etc., the trust of the parties to the transaction is based on the block chain credit. 中国建设银行、链家、蚂蚁金服等各方机构参与这个平台的建设，基于区块链信用层建立了真实有效降低信用成本的应用场景。 China's construction banks, chainers, ants and other institutions involved in the development of the platform have created a real and effective application to reduce credit costs based on block-chain credit. 总的来说，区块链技术的前景远大，但畅想未来的前提是我们一起更深入地理解它是什么。威廉·穆贾雅这么说，“在你能赞赏它的潜力之前，你必须了解它。” In general, there are great prospects for block chain technology, but the idea for the future is that together we understand what it is. William Mujayas says, "You have to understand it before you can appreciate its potential." 探讨：区块链的叙事性 区块链像所有被认为可能是根本变革型的技术一样，被和各种事物联系起来，变得宽泛甚至无所不包。 区块链今天是管理大师约翰·哈格尔说的典型的强叙事性事物 （narratives），与叙事对应的是故事，故事是有开头、有中间、有结尾，而叙事是开放性的，我们可以去创造它的未来。这正是当初互联网展示潜力的方式，互联网产业的根本信条之一是艾伦·凯说的“不要去预测，而是去创造未来”。 更重要的是，哈格尔指出，所有具有叙事性的伟大事物，都有这样的特点： The block chain is today typical of managing the narratives (narratives) described by Master John Hagger, which are stories that begin, end, and are open, so that we can create its future. That is the way the Internet showed its potential, and one of the fundamental tenets of the Internet industry, Alan Kay said, “Don’t predict, but create the future.” More importantly, Haggle pointed out that all the great things of a narrative nature have such characteristics: “超越……的界限而连接和动员其他人”。 “to connect and mobilize others beyond the limits of...”. 站在当下看区块链，的确如此，它充满了可能性。 威廉·穆贾雅在《商业区块链》中专门有一节讨论叙事性，他特别引用约翰·哈格尔（John Hagel）对叙事和故事的区分： 故事是自包含的——有开头，有中间，有结尾。 而叙事是开放的——结局并未定论。 其次，故事是关于故事讲述者或者其他人的——它不是关于读者你的； 相反，叙事的演变取决于你采取的行动和做出的选择——你将决定结局。 William Mujaya devoted a section to narrativeism in the Commercial Block Chain, citing in particular John Hagel’s distinction between narratives and stories: stories are self-contained – there are the beginning, there are the middle, and there is the end. And narratives are open – there is no finality. 资料：区块链的十个特征 在《商业区块链》一书中，威廉·穆贾雅梳理了‘区块链的十个特征’，也可参考（P18）： 1、加密货币 Cryptocurrency 2、计算的基础设施 Computing Infrastructure 3、交易平台 Transaction Platform 4、去中心化的数据库 Decentralized Database 5、分布式会计账簿 Distributed Accounting Ledger 6、开发平台 Development Platform 7、开源软件 Open Source Software 8、金融服务市场 Financial Services Marketplace 9、点对点网络 Peer-to-Peer Network 10、信用服务层 Trust Services Layer In the book “Commercial Block Chain”, William Mujaya combed the “Ten Features of the Block Chain”, also available for reference (P18): 1, Encrypted Currency 2, Calculated Infrastructure 3, Trading Trading Platform 4, Decentralized Database 5, Distributed Accountbook, Distributed Accounting Ledger 6, Development Platform 7, Open Source Software 8, Financial Services Market 9, Point-to-Peer Network 10, Credit Level 本文作为互联网知识经济专栏刊发于2018年3月7日《南方都市报》，网络刊发时根据原稿重新编排，并补充部分资料。
“无须中介的价值流动”成为可能。
to “flux value without intermediary”.
图：商业区块链
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