DAO—去中心化自治组织

DAO(Decentralized Autonomous Organization)去中心化的自治组织，有时也称做DAC(Decentralized Autonomous Corporation)。

DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) is a centralized self-governing organization, sometimes referred to as the DAC.

在介绍DAO之前，我插个题外话，我很早以前看过一些管理杂志(不记得是不是《哈佛商业评论》了)和文章，讨论一个企业和组织怎么才能做一个去中心化的自治组织，那特烈程度感觉挺火的。刚才我在英文的维基百科（参考资料第4条）上查Decentralized Autonomous Organization，令人惊讶的是居然没有任何解释或论文是关于企业管理方面的，最早的引用是2013年关于比特币的文章，有点意思。在文后第4个参考资料里下图有点接近当时讨论的问题。

Before I introduced the DAO, I made a comment, and I read a number of management magazines (I don't remember Harvard Business Review) and articles earlier, discussing how an enterprise and an organization could become a decentralised self-governing organization, which was kind of intense. I just looked at Decentralized Autonomous Organization in English, and it was amazing that there were no explanations or papers on business management, and the earliest quote was the 2013 article on Bitcoin, which was a little interesting.

Top-down-organizations

言归正传。DAO是通过一系列公开公正的规则，可以在无人干预和管理的情况下自主运行的组织机构。这些规则往往会以开源软件的形式出现，每个人可以通过购买股份或者提供服务的形式获得股份来成为公司的股东。机构的股东将可以分享机构的收益，参与机构成长，并且参与机构的运营。

The DAO is an open and impartial set of rules that can operate autonomously without interference and management. These rules often appear in the form of open-source software, where everyone can acquire shares in the form of buying shares or providing services to become shareholders in the company. The shareholders of the institution will be able to share in the profits of the institution, participate in its growth, and participate in the operation of the institution.

在具体实践DAO时，以下三个定律应该被认真地放入DAO的系统准则中，并且能够让所有股东检验这三条定律是否得到了严格的执行。通过这三条定律，将可以监控系统中股东权益的保护以及其他的规则如何被更改，但它们自己永远不可以自主更改这些规则。

In the practical application of DAO, the following three laws should be carefully incorporated into the DAO’s system guidelines and allow all shareholders to test whether the three laws have been strictly enforced. Through these three laws, it will be possible to monitor how the protection of shareholders’ rights and other rules in the system have been changed, but they will never be able to change them on their own.

第一定律：诚信机制。

靠多个DAO节点来对每一个DAO节点的行为进行互相审查，来确保所有的规则能够被强制实施。而单个节点的无赖行为则会被集体简单封锁。即使是系统的制造者不遵守规则也是无效的，而有敌意的高压控制也将会是无效的。

Individual nodes are simply blocked collectively. Even the system’s creators do not respect the rules, and hostile high-pressure controls will be ineffective.

第二定律：不可侵犯机制。

能够确保在没有多数股东同意的情况下，对任何DAO规则（源代码）的更改都是不被执行的，没有集体一半以上的投票来同意采纳，对极少数节点的侵犯也是不会成功的。

It is possible to ensure that any changes to the DAO rule (source code) are not implemented without the consent of the majority of shareholders, that no more than half of the collective votes have been cast in favour of its adoption, and that violations of very few nodes have not been successful.

第三定律：自我保护。

能够让整个系统采取更多的手段，以抵挡对DAO生存造成任何威胁因素的能力。前两个定律已经降低了引入坏的节点的可能。一个公开的系统或者是开源软件，能够通过上述手段来避免由于引入不良节点而造成整个系统崩溃的可能。

The first two laws have reduced the possibility of introducing bad nodes. An open system, or open source software, can be used to avoid the risk of collapse of the whole system by introducing undesirable nodes.

在区块链中DAO如何实现？通过智能合约，DAO可以看做是最复杂的智能合约，它是开源透明的，一旦部署后将不受它的创建者和外界任何力量的影响。它的交易记录和程序规则在区块链上维护，这种方法消除了在金融交易中涉及双边受信任的第三方的需要。它的运行依靠区块链的激励机制，也就是通过交易赚取通证。

What does DAO do in the block chain? Through smart contracts, DAO can be seen as the most complex smart contract, which is open-source and transparent, and which, once deployed, will not be influenced by its creators or by any outside force. Its record of transactions and rules of procedure are maintained on the block chain, which eliminates the need for bilateral trusted third parties to be involved in financial transactions.

从DAO中撤回或转移资金, 其多数利益攸关方 (这一百分比可以在DAO代码中指定) 必须就该决定达成一致。即使代码中发现了bug，在进行投票和多数选民同意之前这些错误都无法纠正, 这可能会使已知的安全漏洞被黑客利用。

Most stakeholders who withdraw or transfer funds from DAO (a percentage that can be specified in the DAO code) must agree on the decision. Even if bugs are found in the code, these errors cannot be corrected before voting and the majority of voters agree, which may cause known security gaps to be exploited by hackers.

目前一些关于DAO的项目有如Dash, The DAO, Digix.io, Aurora DAO。

Some of the current DAO projects are such as , , , Digix.io/em>, , Aut=AurDa =Aurt>.