什么是区块链存证？区块链存证的优点有哪些？

随着区块链技术的发展，基于区块链技术的存证业务被广泛应用于各行业。在司法领域，2018年9月7日最高人民法院公布了《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》和《最高人民法院关于互联网法院审理案件若干问题的规定》。其中，对于民事诉讼中使用电子数据作为证据材料的范围和认定是非常明确的。建议“电子数据的内容经公证机关公证的和由记录和保存电子数据的中立第三方平台提供或者确认的”或“当事人提交的电子数据，通过电子签名、可信时间戳、哈希值校验、区块链等证据收集、固定和防篡改的技术手段或者通过电子取证存证平台认证”的，人民法院应当确认其真实性。

In the area of justice, on 7 September 2018, the Supreme People's Court published certain provisions of the Supreme People's Court on evidence in civil proceedings and of the Supreme People's Court on a number of issues before the Internet Court. The scope and determination of the use of electronic data as evidentiary material in civil proceedings is very clear. It is recommended that the People's Court should confirm the authenticity of “the content of electronic data provided or confirmed by the notarized public authority and by a neutral third-party platform for recording and retaining electronic data” or “the electronic data submitted by the parties, by means of electronic signatures, credible timemarks, Hashi identification, block chains, etc.

那么什么是区块链存证?它和普通存证有什么区别?如何使用区块链存证等，本文力求做基础性的、系统性的介绍。

So what's the chain of blocks? What's the difference between it and the normal chain of blocks? How do you use the chain of blocks, and so on, and this paper seeks to provide a basic, systematic introduction.

保存数据并防止篡改，这就是存证。

The preservation of data and the prevention of tampering are documents.

从文化传承，到民生，到金融，每一个领域都需要存证。

From cultural heritage, to livelihood, to finance, every field needs to be documented.

以往是如何存证的?有将纸质材料严密保存的档案馆，有多重备份的数据中心，但它们的维护成本都非常高。更大的缺陷是，一个外人无法独立验证数据有没有被篡改过，只能依赖对存证机构的信任。

How does this work in the past? There are archives that keep paper-based materials well and multiple backup data centres, but their maintenance costs are very high. The bigger flaw is that an outsider cannot independently verify whether the data has been tampered with and relies on trust in the institution.

时至今日的互联网信息时代，电子数据存证应时而生。电子数据存证是指将电子数据保存在安全稳定的数据库中，以便在需要予以调用，同时它还采用了特定的技术以便能将这种过程通过数据予以记录，来证明特定时间的电子数据的状态，也可来证明电子数据在存储后并未被篡改。

In the current Internet information age, electronic data storage is expected to occur. Electronic data storage refers to the preservation of electronic data in secure and stable databases for use as required, while it also uses specific techniques to record such processes through data to support the status of electronic data at a given time or to demonstrate that electronic data have not been tampered with after storage.

电子数据存证通常情况下分为两种类型。

Electronic data storage is usually divided into two types.

a) 原件为纸质的文件经过扫描成为电子文件用作存档。

(a) Documents that are original in paper form are scanned into electronic files for archiving.

b) 直接通过电脑产生的文档、图片、视频等格式的文件。

(b) Documents in the form of documents, pictures, videos, etc. directly generated through computers.

电子数据存证，目前主要应用于知识产权证明、电子票据、电子合同、电子档案证明等领域。

Electronic data record-keeping, which is currently used mainly in the areas of intellectual property certification, electronic paper, electronic contracts and electronic archival certification.

普通存证是单方存证平台本地保存的电子数据，一般为单方存证，主要包括公证存证、第三方存证、本地存证等。这些存证机构只是将电子数据以备份的形式存放在自己机构或租赁的服务器上，属于自证证据。由于电子数据非常容易遭到破坏，在传输的过程中很容易造成瑕疵、断点、证据不完整等故障。尽管加盖电子签名的电子合同不能够被篡改，但其它环节产生的数据也不能防止被篡改。因此，电子证据容易丢失、篡改，证据的法律效力容易遭到质疑，一旦产生纠纷，平台服务商须配合出示原始电子数据，经由司法鉴定、公证等机构取证、鉴定之后，出具相关证明才能成为有效证据，得到法院的认可。同时在法律实践中电子证据往往需要司法鉴定、审计、公证、仲裁等多方取证、鉴定，单一或部分的电子证据远远不足以支撑整个案件的判定，显然普通存证是无法做到的。

Ordinary record-keeping is electronic data held locally on a single-party platform, and generally includes notarized documents, third-party certificates, local certificates, etc. These record-keeping bodies merely store electronic data in backup on their own institutions or leased servers, and are self-documented evidence. Because electronic data are very susceptible to sabotage, it is easy to cause defects, breakpoints, incomplete evidence, etc. The electronic contract with an electronic signature, although it cannot be tampered with, the data generated by other links cannot prevent tampering. As a result, electronic evidence can easily be lost, tampered with, the legal validity of the evidence can easily be challenged, and once a dispute arises, the platform service provider must cooperate with the production of the original electronic data, take evidence through a body of forensics, notarization, etc., so that it can be accepted by the court. At the same time, electronic evidence in legal practice often requires multiple forensic, audit, notarized, arbitral, etc., forensic, single or partial electronic evidence is far from supporting the determination of the entire case.

简单来讲，区块链存证是利用区块链去中心化及分布式存储的特点将电子数据存储在可信的联盟链上，保证上链数据不可篡改，真实有效。

In short, block chain documentation is the storage of electronic data in a credible chain of alliances, using the features of block chain decentralisation and distributional storage to ensure that the upper chain data is inexorable and genuinely valid.

区块链存证的技术原理很简单，在用户签名和发送交易前，用户将要存证的数据(如果数据量小，而且不用担心隐私问题，可以直接存储正文，如果数据量大，则计算该数据的Hash)附加到交易中，然后再进行签名广播。记账节点在验证了交易的合法性后，将该交易打包到区块中，并在区块中附加上时间戳信息。基于区块链的存证，正是利用了区块链的不可篡改特性和时间戳特性。

The technical rationale for block chaining is simple: before the user signs and sends the transaction, the user will record the data (if the amount of data is small and there is no need to worry about privacy, it can store the body directly and, if the amount of data is large, the Hash calculation of the data is attached to the transaction and then the signature is broadcast. When the validity of the transaction has been verified, the account node wraps the transaction into the block and adds time stamp information to the block. On the basis of the record of the block chain, it is the immeasurable alteration and time stamp features of the block chain that are used.

区块链存证主要应用场景包括，法院行业的诉讼服务、辅助审判、公示与送达、辅助执行，以及构建法院、检察院、公安、司法局等司法协同应用平台，以及社会存证应用包括电子合同和版权管理、确权类存证。

The main applications of block chain documentation include court service, ancillary trials, publicity and service, ancillary enforcement, and the establishment of a platform for judicial coordination and application, such as courts, prosecutors'offices, public security and the Department of Justice, as well as social record applications, such as electronic contracts and copyright management, authentication, etc.

区块链存证是第三方存证平台联合司法鉴定、审计、公证、仲裁等权威机构发起区块链联盟链的存证方式，支持电子数据存取证服务，利用区块链去中心化特点，实现证据固化和永续性保存。

Block chain documentation is the way in which authorities such as the joint forensics, audit, notarization and arbitration platform of third parties initiate the documentation of block chain chains, support electronic data storage and evidence-gathering services, use the block chain to decentralize features, and secure and sustain evidence.

区块链存证为了满足客户对于电子数据存证的需求，从电子数据生命周期的开始就介入电子数据的存证保全。在电子数据生成时就固定下来，把电子数据的实时完整性在第一时间传送到司法鉴定、审计、公证、仲裁机构的服务器，让这些机构可以在未来任意时间验证某一电子数据的原始性、真实性，电子合同在签约过程证据信息一经存储，任何一方无法篡改。

Block chaining is used to satisfy the customer’s need for electronic data storage and to intervene in the preservation of electronic data storage from the start of the electronic data life cycle. The electronic data generation is fixed and the real-time integrity of the electronic data is transmitted to the servers of forensics, auditing, notaries, arbitration institutions at the first time, so that they can verify the originality and authenticity of an electronic data at any time in the future. Once the electronic contract is stored, , the electronic contract cannot be tampered with.

为了保证存证信息的完整性、真实性，平台一般选择联合司法鉴定、审计、公证、仲裁等权威机构进行多方存证服务，不管是在操作还是设计上都是有法可依的。一旦产生纠纷，用户可从联盟链中的司法鉴定、审计、公证、仲裁机构随时取证，且仲裁机构可直接从其运维的节点中获取和验证数据，把存证数据视为直接证据，不再需要第三方机构出具证明。一次提交电子证据，可以支撑整个案件的判定。

In order to ensure the integrity and authenticity of the documented information, the Platform generally chooses to perform multiple filing services by joint forensic, audit, notarized, arbitral and other authorities, both operationally and in terms of design. In the event of a dispute, the user can take evidence at any time from the forensic, audit, notarized, arbitral body in the chain of association, and the arbitral institution can obtain and authenticate data directly from its node, treating the recorded data as direct evidence, without the need for proof from a third-party body.

相较于普通存证方式，区块链存证可借助区块链去中心化、多节点的信任共识机制，有效保障了证据的真实性、合法性和关联性。与普通存证相比，区块链存证有如下优势。

Compared to normal documentation, block chain documentation can effectively safeguard the authenticity, legitimacy, and relevance of evidence by means of a confidence-building consensus mechanism that can centralize the block chain.

a) 多方存证更公平：区块链存证采用多方存证方式，联合司法流程中各大权威机构进行多方存证，信息共享，不会出现普通存证中证据被篡改、信息断层等现象。

(a) Multiple and more equitable documentation: the chain of blocks is documented in multiple ways, the main authorities in the joint judicial process are certified in multiple ways, information is shared and there are no irregularities in the evidence in the ordinary record, information faults, etc.

b) 证据固化更可靠：对于司法系统而言，数据证据的安全保存一直是个难点。区块链存证过程中，只需要确保电子数据证据的来源真实可靠，一旦上链将不可更改和删除，有效解决了电子证据的保存难题。

(b) Evidence is more reliable: the safe preservation of data evidence has been a challenge for the justice system. In the chain-keeping of blocks, it is only necessary to ensure that the source of electronic data evidence is authentic and that once the chain is unalterable and removed, the preservation of electronic evidence is effectively resolved.

c) 取证途径更方便：区块链存证从一开始就介入了电子证据的全生命周期，电子合同在签约时证据一经上链，将无法篡改，当证据生成时就将其实时完整的保存并传送到司法流程中鉴定、公证、仲裁机构的服务器，以便未来在任意时间验证该证据的真实性和即时性。

(c) Access to evidence is easier: block chain evidence has been involved from the outset in the entire life cycle of electronic evidence, and the evidence cannot be tampered with at the time of the signing of an electronic contract, and when it is generated, it is preserved in real time in its entirety and transmitted to the servers of the identification, notarization and arbitration bodies in the judicial process in order to verify the authenticity and immediacy of the evidence at any time in the future.

d) 效力覆盖更全：由于区块链存证是第三方平台联合司法鉴定、审计、公证、仲裁等权威机构发起的联盟链存证方式，用户可直接从联盟链中任意机构随时取证，每个节点都有全套存证信息，仲裁机构可直接取证，不再涉及第三方机构出具证明，因此区块链证据的覆盖面更广，效力更强。

(d) More comprehensive effectiveness: Because block chain documentation is a method of joint forensic, audit, notarization, arbitration, etc., sponsored by a third-party platform authority, users can take evidence directly from any body in the chain at any time, each node has a full set of documented information, the arbitral institution can take the evidence directly and no longer involves the production of a certificate by a third-party institution, thus making the block chain evidence more comprehensive and effective.