区块链技术简介 区块链具体是什么

前言
本文是对区块链技术的简介总结，如果需要区块链技术支持可以百度搜索风火源码网或者私信博主

Preface to
Summary of block chain technology

定义：区块链（Blockchain）是一种由多方共同维护，使用密码学保证传输和访问安全，能够实现数据一致存储、难以篡改、防止抵赖的记账技术，也称为分布式账本技术（Distributed Ledger Technology，简称DLT）。

Definition & #xff1a; block chain & #xff08; Blockchain） a multi-faceted maintenance & #xff0c; security of transmission and access by cryptography & #xff0c; accounting technology & #xff0c capable of achieving consistent data storage, difficult to tamper with, and preventing default; also known as distributed account book technology & #xff08; Distributed Ledger Technology & #xff0c; DLT #xff09;

区块链来源于社会和经济发展需求，解决在非完全可信的环境下依靠相互缺乏信任的群体之间的协作达成可信的交易。

Block chains are derived from social and economic development needs & #xff0c; addressing a credible transaction based on collaboration between trusted groups in an environment that is not fully credible.

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数据的写入——交易（Transaction）

Data writing - transactions & #xff08;Transaction）

主要包含三要素：

Mainly three elements xff1a;

• 发起人（ID/公钥/地址）

  Launcher & #xff08; ID/Public Key/Address & #xff09;

• 行为（转账、合约调用、存证等）

  Behaviour & #xff08; Transfers, contractual calls, certificates, etc. & #xff09;

• 发起人的签名

  Signature of the sponsor

没有签名的交易无法在区块链P2P网络中传播，更无法被打包

Unsigned transactions cannot disseminate xff0c in block chain P2P network; much less packaged

哈希算法（杂凑算法、散列算法）

Hashi algorithms & #xff08; patchy algorithms, hash algorithms & #xff09;

正向快速：给定明文和 hash 算法，在有限时间和有限资源内能计算出 hash 值。

It is heading towards & #xff1a; given specifications and hash algorithms & #xff0c; hash values can be calculated over time and limited resources.

逆向困难：给定（若干）hash 值，在有限时间内很难（基本不可能）逆推出明文。

Reverse difficulties xff1a; given xff08; selected xff09; hash xff0c; difficulties xff08 for a limited period of time; virtually impossible xff09; inverted.

输入敏感：原始输入信息修改一点信息，产生的 hash 值看起来应该都有很大不同。

Enter a sensitive xff1a; the original input information changes a little bit xff0c; the hash value generated should appear to be very different.

冲突避免：很难找到两段内容不同的明文，使得它们的 hash 值一致（发生冲突/碰撞）。

Conflict avoidance xff1a; difficulties in finding two distinct paragraphs xff0c; matching their hash xff08; conflict/collapse xff09;

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非对称加密（私钥、公钥、签名）

Asymmetric encryption xff08; private key, public key, signature xff09;

• 私钥加密的内容，公钥解密

  Content of private key encryptionxff0c; public key decryption

• 公钥加密的内容，私钥解密

  Content of public key encryptionxff0c; private key decryption

• 公钥对外公开，通过公钥无法得到私钥

  public key(s) & #xff0c; private key(s) cannot be obtained by public key(s)

• 私钥对消息产生签名，公钥验证消息和签名

  Private key creates signature & #xff0c; public key authentication messages and signatures

签名不可伪造，不可抵赖

The signature cannot be forged; it cannot be denied. #xff0c

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区块（Block）+链（Chain）

Blocks & #xff08; Block & #xff09; & #43; Chain & #xff08; Chain & #xff09;

通过区块头中“上一区块哈希”字段，组成的链式数据结构。

Through the " Previous Hashi " field in the block head & #xff0c; a chained data structure.

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区块链技术又叫做分布式账本技术，每个全节点都拥有一套完整的区块链数据（也就是一套完整的账本或数据库），任何一方往区块链上的写入，都会同步到所有参与方的本地数据库中。

Block chain technology is also known as Distributed Accountbook Technology xff0c; each full node has a complete block chain data xff08; that is, a complete account or database xff09; xff0c; either party's writing on the block chain xff0c; and is synchronized to the local database of all participants.

• 每个全节点都保存一份拷贝，谁私自更改了数据。

  A copy of #xff0c is kept for each full node; who changes the data personally.

• 造成了存储的浪费

  It's a waste of storage.

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?智能合约是区块链上可以执行的代码，可以在区块链节点上安全执行（虚拟机或者容器）。

? Smart contracts are enforceable codes on block chains xff0c; they can be performed safely on block chain nodes xff08; virtual machines or containers xff09;

?首先把工作流程数字化，然后转化为智能合约部署在区块链上，并通过群体的合作，安全地自动化执行。

? First digitize the workflow xff0c; then turn it into an intelligent contract deployed on the block chain xff0c; implement it through group collaboration xff0c; and automate it safely.

智能合约可以理解为程序的触发器，即先预设触发的条件，并且以编程合约的方式记录到区块链上， 当条件达成时，自动触发执行，结果记录到区块上。

Smart contracts can be understood as program triggers & #xff0c; i.e. preset trigger conditions & #xff0c; and are recorded on block chains & #xff0c by programming contracts; xff0c when conditions are met; automatically trigger xff0c; results are recorded on blocks.

区块链通常可以支持多种类型的智能合约语言。

Block chains usually support multiple types of intelligent contract language.

智能合约的编写、测试、部署、检索、执行、撤销、查寻等都需要在安全环境下执行。

The preparation, testing, deployment, retrieval, execution, revocation and tracing of intelligent contracts need to be carried out in a secure environment.

通过智能合约可以在区块链上部署业务服务。

Business services can be deployed on the block chain through smart contracts.

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对于每笔新产生的交易，谁来记账？

For each newly generated transaction xff0c; who will account for xff1f;

?由于环境不可信，或者参与群体之间缺乏（或者没有）互信，需要共识机制来协调群体的活动，主要包括：

? Because the environment is not credible xff0c; or there is a lack of xff08; xff09; mutual trust xff0c; consensus mechanisms are needed to coordinate group activities xff0c; mainly xff1a;

? 谁维护（存储/交换）交易记录账本?

♪ Who maintains xff08; store/exchange xff09; transaction log books?

? 谁有权限决定一笔交易是合法的？

♪ Who has the authority to decide that a transaction is legal ♪ #xff1f;

? 谁是初始数字资产的产生者?

♪ Who is the generator of the initial digital asset?

? 谁可以修改系统规则?

♪ Who can change the rules of the system ♪

? 数字资产交换谁怎么获利?

♪ How can digital asset swaps be profitable for who?

?通过共识，确保区块链上存储数据的一致性、完整性和安全性，防止数据分叉、双花攻击、数据丢失和重复记录等事件发生。

? adopt consensus & #xff0c; ensure consistency, integrity and security of data stored on the block chain & #xff0c; prevent incidents such as data fork, double flower attacks, data loss and duplicate records.

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当一笔数据产生后，会由共识机制进行数据维护通过分布式存储记录在链上，然后交由智能合约去执行，最后由密码学保证整个体系的安全。

When a piece of data is generated xff0c; data maintenance by a consensus mechanism is recorded on the chain through distributed storage xff0c; then it is sent to an intelligent contract to execute xff0c; and ultimately cryptography guarantees the security of the system as a whole.

用打麻将来举个例子：

Use the mahjong to give an example #xff1a;

分布式 —— 每人一个账本，都参与记账

Distribution - one book per person & #xff0c; all involved in bookkeeping

共识机制 —— 谁胡牌谁记账，其他人复制胡牌人的记账。

Consensus mechanism — who's the one who keeps the books #xff0c; others who copy the books of the hustlers.

不可伪造——胡牌人记的账，需要经过其他人3人的检查，记错账，白忙活。

Non-false — account xff0c by Hu; requires inspection by three other persons xff0c; miscalculation xff0c; idle work.

不可篡改—— 输多了，想修改自己账本，账本对不上，会被发现。

It can't be tampered with -- lost too much xff0c; tried to change your own account book xff0c; failed to match xff0c; found.

1. 四人无论由单独记账，其他方不信任。

1. Four persons, regardless of whether they are accounted for separately xff0c; others do not trust it.

2. 请第三方记账，一方面增加成本，第二、会有可能把信息泄露出去。

Requests third-party accounts xff0c; on the one hand, increases costs xff0c; and, on the other hand, the possibility of leaking information.

3. 输赢暂时都不用给钱，而是先记个账，四人每人一本账本。

3. For the time being, no money is required to win or lose xff0c; instead, an account is maintained xff0c; each of the four persons has a book of accounts.

4. 每局由胡牌的人先记账，其他三人看过没问题后，把这一局的记账照抄到自己的账本上，如果记错了或者记假账，就没法拿到赢得钱。

xff0c; xff0c

公有链：假设世界不可信。参与者等权，参与者通常匿名、不需要获得专门许可、不需要把真实身份做任何映射就可以直接使。

The public chain & #xff1a; assumes that the world is not credible. Participants & others & #xff0c; participants are usually anonymous, do not need special permission, and do not need to map their true identities directly.

联盟链：假设组织不可信。联盟链有准入机制，一般由行业里的机构、企业和政府组织的联盟发起，由联盟成员共同建设和运营联盟链，共同完成联链链上的协作（可以有分工），可理解为“企业间的数据库”。

Union chains & #xff1a; assuming that the organization is not credible. Alliance chains have access mechanisms & #xff0c; alliances of institutions, enterprises and government organizations in the industry generally initiate xff0c; Union chains are constructed and operated jointly by Alliance members & #xff0c; collaboration on the chain xff08; there can be a division of labour xff09; xff0c; understood as an “inter-firm database”.

私有链：假设组织内部各机构或者“队友”不可信。在大型企业内部，或者是在政府各个相关主管部门之间部署，利用区块链技术将内部流程上链，以降低管理和沟通成本。

Private chain & #xff1a; assumes that institutions within the organization or “mates” are not credible. & #xff0c are deployed within large enterprises; or xff0c are deployed between relevant government authorities; internal processes are chained xff0c using block chain technology; and management and communication costs are reduced.

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