比特币的挖矿的原理
The principles of bitcoin mining.
任何人均可以在专门的硬件上运行软件而成为比特币矿工。挖矿软件通过P2P网络监听交易广播，执行恰当的任务以处理并确认这些交易。比特币矿工完成这些工作能赚取用户支付的用于加速交易处理的交易手续费以及按固定公式增发的比特币。
The mining software, via the P2P network, monitors transactions and performs proper tasks to process and confirm them. By doing so, the miners can earn transaction fees paid by users to speed up the processing of transactions, as well as bitcoins increased by fixed formulas.
新的交易需要被包含在一个具有数学工作量证明的区块中才能被确认。这种证明很难生成因为它只能通过每秒尝试数十亿次的计算来产生。矿工们需要在他们的区块被接受并拿到奖励前运行这些计算。随着更多的人开始挖矿，寻找有效区块的难度就会由网络自动增加以确保找到区块的平均时间保持在10分钟。因此，挖矿的竞争非常激烈，没有一个个体矿工能够控制块链里所包含的内容。
New transactions need to be included in a block with mathematical workload proof to be identified. This proof is difficult to generate because it can only be produced by trying billions of calculations per second. Miners need to run these calculations before their blocks are accepted and rewarded. As more people start digging, the difficulty of finding effective blocks automatically increases by the network to ensure that the average time for finding blocks is 10 minutes.
工作量证明还被设计成必须依赖以往的区块，这样便强制了块链的时间顺序。这种设计使得撤销以往的交易变得极其困难，因为需要重新计算所有后续区块的工作量证明。当两个区块同时被找到，矿工会处理接收到的第一个区块，一旦找到下一个区块便将其转至最长的块链。这样就确保采矿过程维持一个基于处理能力的全局一致性。
This design makes it extremely difficult to cancel previous transactions because of the need to recalculate the proof of the workload of all subsequent blocks. When two blocks are found simultaneously, the mining union handles the first block to be received and turns the next block to the longest chain once it is found. This ensures that the mining process maintains a global consistency based on capacity.
比特币矿工既不能通过作弊增加自己的报酬，也不能处理那些破坏比特币网络的欺诈交易，因为所有的比特币节点都会拒绝含有违反比特币协议规则的无效数据的区块。因此，即使不是所有比特币矿工都可以信任，比特币网络仍然是安全的。
Bitcoin miners can neither increase their pay by cheating nor deal with fraudulent transactions that undermine the Bitcoin network, because all bitcoin nodes reject blocks containing invalid data that violate the rules of the Bitcoin agreement. Thus, even if not all bitcoin miners can trust, the Bitcoin network remains secure.
如何通过挖矿帮助保护比特币的安全
How to help protect Bitcoin by digging.
挖矿创造了一种等同于彩票的竞争机制，向块链连续添加新的交易区块对任何人来说都是非常困难的。这一机制可以防止任何个体获得能够冻结某些交易的能力，从而确保了网络的中立性。这一机制也可以防止任何个体替换一部分块链来降低他们自己的花费，否则这种做法可以被用来欺诈其他用户。挖矿机制使得撤销一个以往的交易变得极其困难，因为这需要重写该交易之后的所有区块。
Mining creates a competitive mechanism equivalent to a lottery, and adding new trading blocks to the chain is very difficult for anyone. Such a mechanism would prevent any individual from gaining the ability to freeze certain transactions, thereby ensuring the neutrality of the network. It would also prevent any individual from replacing parts of the chain to reduce their own costs, otherwise it could be used to defraud other users.
开始挖矿前，我需要些什么
Before we start digging, what do I need?
在比特币的早期，任何人都可以利用他们计算机的中央处理器寻找新的区块。随着越来越多的人开始挖矿，寻找新区块的难度大幅提高，以至于目前唯一有成本效益的方法就是使用专门的硬件。
In the early days of Bitcoin, anyone could use their computer's central processor to find new blocks. As more and more people start digging, the difficulty of finding new blocks has increased so much that the only cost-effective way to do so is to use specialized hardware.
比特币经济
Bitcoin Economy
比特币是怎样产生的
How did Bitcoin come out?
新的比特币通过“挖矿”产生，“挖矿”是一个具有竞争力和去中心化的过程。这一过程包括个人为比特币网络服务，并因此得到回报。比特币的矿工使用专用的硬件处理交易和保护比特币网络，并在交易时收集新的比特币。
The new bitcoin goes through “ digs & rdquao; produces, &ldquao; digs & rdquao; and is a competitive and decentralised process. This process involves individuals serving the bitcoin network and receiving rewards. Bitcoin miners use specialized hardware to process and protect the bitcoin network and collect new bitcoin at the time of the transaction.
比特币协议的设计方式是以固定的速率发行新的比特币。这使得比特币的挖矿成为一个竞争极为激烈的行业。当越来越多的矿工加入比特币网络，赚取利润变得越来越难，矿工必须寻求效率以削减生产成本。任何中央管理机构或开发者都无权控制或操纵该系统以提高他们的利润。任何行为如不符合该系统要求遵循的规则，都将被全世界任何一个比特币节点所拒绝。
The Bitcoin protocol is designed to distribute new bitcoins at fixed speeds. This makes bitcoin mining an extremely competitive industry.
比特币以一个可预测的逐步下降的速率发行。新产生的比特币数量会逐年减半，直到比特币的总数达到2100万个。到那时，比特币矿工也许只能通过大量的小额交易手续费来支持。
Bitcoins are issued at a predictable rate of gradual decline. The number of newly generated bitcoins is reduced by half every year until the total number of bitcoins reaches 21 million.
比特币为什么有价值
Why is Bitcoin valuable?
比特币具有价值是因为它作为货币形式的一种是有用的。比特币具有货币的数学特性(持久性，可携带性，可互换性，稀缺性，可分割性和易识别性)而非依赖于物理特性(比如黄金和白银)或中央权力机构的信任(比如法定货币)。简而言之，比特币是由数学支持的。有了这些特性，一种货币形式要具有价值所需要的就是信任和使用。对比特币而言，这可以从它日益增长的用户，商家和初创企业基数上得到体现。同所有货币一样，比特币的价值直接来自于愿意接受它作为支付方式的人们，这也是唯一的来源。
Bitcoin has value because it is useful as a monetary form. Bitcoin has the mathematical characteristics of money (persistency, portability, interoperability, scarcity, segregability and easy to identify) rather than relying on physical characteristics (e.g. gold and silver) or on the trust of central authorities (e.g. legal currency). In short, bitcoin is supported by mathematics. With these characteristics, trust and use are what a monetary form needs to be worth.
比特币的价格由什么决定
What's the price for Bitcoin?
比特币的价格由供需决定。当对比特币的需求增加，比特币价格就上涨;需求减少，价格就下跌。目前只有很少的比特币在流通，新的比特币以一个可预见的逐步下降的速率发行，这表示需求必须遵循这一通胀水平才能保持价格的稳定。和它可能会成为的市场规模相比，比特币目前仍然是一个相对较小的市场，无需大量资金就能促使市场价格上下波动，因此，比特币的价格仍然很不稳定。
The price of bitcoin is determined by supply and demand. When the demand of bitcoin increases, bitcoin rises; demand decreases; and prices fall. Only a few bitcoin is currently in circulation, and the new bitcoin is issued at a predictable rate of gradual decline, indicating that demand must follow this level of inflation in order to maintain price stability.
比特币价格随时间变化：
Bitcoin prices change over time:
比特币是泡沫吗
Bitcoinisfoam?
价格的快速上涨并不会构成泡沫。人为的高估将会导致一个突然向下的修正，才会构成泡沫。基于成千上万的市场参与者个体行为的选择导致比特币价格的波动是市场决定价格的结果。从情感上说，价格变动的原因包括：对比特币失去信心，不是基于比特币经济的基本面的价格和价值之间的巨大差异，越来越多的刺激投机性需求的新闻报道，对不确定性的恐惧，以及过时的非理性的繁荣和贪婪。
The rapid rise in prices does not create bubbles. Man-made overvaluation will lead to a sudden downward revision that will make bubbles. The price fluctuations that result from the individual behavior of thousands of market participants are the result of price-fixing by the market. According to , price changes include: loss of confidence in bitcoins, not a huge difference between prices and values based on the fundamentals of the Bitcoin economy, increasing news coverage that stimulates speculative demand, fear of uncertainty, and outmoded irrational prosperity and greed.
比特币的总量有限不会有局限性
There's no limit to the limited amount of bitcoin.
Bitcoin 的独特之处在于只有总量为2100万的比特币会被生成。但是这根本不会成为一种局限，因为交易中可以将比特币划分成更小的次级单位，比如 bit - 一比特币等于 1,000,000 bit。一个比特币可以拆分到小数点后8位 (0.000 000 01)，如果将来平均单笔交易规模减小到一定程度时，甚至可以拆分到更小的单位。
Bitcoin is unique in that only a bitcoin of 21 million dollars will be generated. But this is not a limitation at all, because it can be divided into smaller sub-units, such as bit - one bit equals 1,000,000 bit. A bitcoin can be split into eight decimal places (0.000 000 01) and even smaller units if the average single transaction is reduced to a certain extent in the future.
比特币交易
Bitcoin deal.
为什么我必须等待10分钟
Why do I have to wait 10 minutes?
比特币几乎是即时接收付款的。然而，在网络开始将你的交易加入一个区块来确认该交易以及你可以使用接收到的比特币之前，有一个平均10分钟的延迟。确认的意思是在网络上达成了一个共识，即你收到的比特币没有用来支付给别人因此被认定是你的财产。一旦你的交易被包含进一个区块，则之后的所有区块都会包含它，这将极大地巩固这个共识并减小交易撤销的风险。每一个用户都可以自行判断交易被确认的时间点，但通常来说，收到6个确认就如同在信用卡交易后等待6个月那样安全。
Bitcoin is almost instantaneous to receive payments. However, there is an average of 10 minutes delay before the network starts adding your transaction to a block to confirm the transaction and you can use the bitcoin received. The confirmation means that there is a consensus on the network that the bitcoin you receive is not used to pay people and therefore is considered your property. Once your transaction is included in a block, all subsequent blocks will contain it, which will greatly consolidate the consensus and reduce the risk of a transaction being avoided. Each user can determine the time point at which the transaction is confirmed, but normally it is as safe to receive six confirmations as to wait six months after a credit card transaction.
交易手续费是多少
What's the transaction fee?
交易可以不用手续费，但无手续费的交易可能会需要等待更多天甚至星期来完成。尽管交易费可能会随时间增加，但通常的交易费是一个很小的数额。默认情况下，Bitcoin. org上列出的比特币钱包会使用一个它们认为合适的手续费;大部分钱包也会给你在发送交易之前检查手续费的机会。
Transactions may be free of fees, but transactions without fees may take more days or weeks to complete. Although transaction fees may increase over time, the usual transaction fees are a small amount. By default, the Bitcoin.org wallet listed will use a fee that they consider appropriate; most wallets will also give you the opportunity to check the fees before the transaction is sent.
交易手续费能对过多交易导致的网络超载起到保护作用。具体的收费方案还在发展中并将随着时间的推移而改变。因为手续费用与交易金额无关，所以它可能有时候看上去非常低(0.0005BTC相对于一笔1000BTC的转账 )，有时候高的离谱(0.004BTC相对于一笔0.02BTC的支付)。手续费的高低是由交易数据的大小和交易次数等因素决定的。比如说，如果你接收了一大批小额的款项，那么其支付的费用就会高些。这种支付就好比用一分钱硬币来付餐厅帐单。小额比特币的快速消费可能也会产生手续费。如果你的活动符合常规交易的特征，则手续费应该会很低。
The transaction fees can protect the network overload caused by excessive transactions. The specific charges are still evolving and will change over time. Because they are not related to transaction amounts, they may sometimes look very low (0.0005 BTC versus a 1000 BTC transfer) and sometimes very high (0.004 BTC versus a 0.02 BTC payment). The high fees are determined by factors such as the size of the transaction data and the number of transactions.
如果我的电脑关机时接收到比特币会怎样
What happens if I get Bitcoin when my computer's off?
这没有关系。比特币会在你下次打开钱包程序的时候出现在你的帐户里。事实上比特币并不是由你电脑上的软件来接收，它们是被添加到一个由网络中所有设备共享的公共总帐户中。如果你在你的客户端没有运行的时候收到比特币，当事后再打开客户端的时候，它会下载区块并更新任何尚未记下的交易，而那些比特币最终会出现在钱包中，就像是实时收到的一样。只有在你想花比特币的时候才需要用到你的钱包。
It doesn't matter. Bitcoin will appear in your account when you open the wallet next time. In fact, Bitcoin is not received by software on your computer; it is added to a public master account where all the devices in the network are shared. If you get bitcoin when your client is not running, when you open the client later, it downloads blocks and updates any unrecorded transactions, and the bitcoins end up in the wallet, as if they were received in real time. You need your wallet only when you want to spend bitcoin.
"同步"是什么意思?为什么同步要花很长时间
&quat;Sync &quat; What does that mean? Why does sync take a long time?
只有像Bitcoin Core这样的完全节点型客户端才需要较长的同步时间。从技术上来说，同步是一个下载并核实网络上所有以往比特币交易的过程。某些比特币客户端需要知道所有以往的交易才能计算你比特币钱包的可用余额并完成新的交易。这一步骤非常消耗资源，需要有足够的带宽以及能存放整个块链的空间。为了保持比特币的安全性，需要有足够的用户使用完全节点型客户端，因为他们起着确认和中继交易的作用。
Only a fully node client such as Bitcoin Core takes longer synchronization. Synchronization is technically a process of downloading and verifying all past bitcoin transactions on the network. Some bitcoin clients need to know all past transactions in order to calculate the available balance of your bitcoin wallet and complete new transactions. This step is very resource-consuming and requires sufficient bandwidth and space to store the entire chain. In order to maintain bitcoin security, there is a need for a sufficient number of users to use a full node client because of their role in confirming and relaying transactions.
比特币安全性
Bitcoinsecurity.
比特币安全吗?
Is Bitcoin safe?
比特币技术，包括协议和密码学，有着强大的安全性记录，并且比特币网络也许是世界上最大的分布式计算工程。比特币最常见的薄弱环节是用户失误。存储私钥的比特币钱包文件可能会意外地被删除，丢失或盗取。这跟用电子形式存储的实体现金非常相似。幸运的是，用户可以利用可靠的安全性策略来保护他们的资金，也可以使用提供良好安全性等级以及偷盗或遗失保险服务的供应商。
Bitcoin technology, including protocol and cryptography, has strong security records, and the Bitcoin network is perhaps the largest distributed computing project in the world. Bitcoin’s most common weakness is user error. Bitcoin wallet files that store private keys can be accidentally deleted, lost or stolen. This is very similar to physical cash stored electronically. Fortunately, users can use reliable security strategies to protect their funds, as well as suppliers that provide good security levels and stolen or lost insurance services.
比特币在过去被黑客攻击过吗?
Has Bitcoin ever been hacked in the past?
比特币使用的协议和密码学规则在问世多年后仍行之有效，这是个好的现象，说明这个概念的设计非常好。但是，在各种软件的执行过程中，也发现了安全漏洞并予以修正。和其它形式的软件一样，比特币软件的安全性取决于发现并修正问题的速度。类似的问题发现越多，比特币就越趋于成熟。
The protocol and cryptography rules used by Bitcoin are still valid after many years of existence, which is a good sign of the very good design of the concept. But, in the course of the implementation of various software, security gaps have also been identified and corrected. Like other forms of software, the security of bitcoins depends on the speed with which problems are discovered and corrected.
对于在不同的交易平台和业务中发生的窃取和安全漏洞，经常会存在误解。虽然这些是不幸的事件，但是它们并不代表比特币被黑客攻击，也不代表比特币内部存在缺陷，正如银行抢劫并不会危害到货币本身一样。但是准确地说确实需要一整套良好的策略和直观的安全性解决方案来使用户更好地保护他们的资金，降低盗取和遗失的一般风险。在过去几年中，这样的安全功能快速发展，例如钱包加密，离线钱包和多重签名交易。
While these are unfortunate events, they do not represent a hacking of bitcoin, nor is there a flaw within bitcoin, just as bank robbery does not harm the currency itself. But, to be sure, a good set of strategies and visual security solutions is needed to better protect users’ money and reduce the general risk of theft and loss.
用户是否可以联合起来攻击比特币?
Can users join forces to attack Bitcoin?
轻易改变比特币协议是不可能的。任何不符合协议的比特币客户端都无法强制其他用户遵守它自己的规则。就目前的协议来说，在同一个区块链上双重消费或是没有合法签名的消费都是不可能的。因此，凭空产生大量比特币、使用其他用户的资金、破坏整个网络等类似的情况都是不可能发生的。
It is impossible to change the Bitcoin protocol easily. No Bitcoin client that does not comply with the agreement can compel other users to comply with its own rules. For the current agreement, it is impossible to consume both on the same block chain or without a legitimate signature.
但是，多数的矿工可能会任意地选择去冻结或撤销最近的交易，多数的用户也可能为了对协议做出一些修改而施加压力。因为比特币只有在所有用户都完全达成共识时才能正常运作，所以修改协议是非常困难的，需要压倒性的多数用户去采用这些改动以至于剩下的用户除了跟随没有其他选择。一般来说，很难想象一个比特币用户为什么会选择采用任何可能会危害到他资金的协议改动。
Most miners, however, may choose to freeze or cancel recent transactions at will, and most users may press for some changes to the agreement. Since Bitcoin can only function properly if there is full consensus among all users, amending the agreement is very difficult, requiring an overwhelming majority of users to apply the changes so that the remaining users have no choice but to follow.
量子计算是对比特币的威胁吗?
Is quantum calculation a threat from bitcoin?
是的，包括传统银行系统在内的大部分依赖于密码学的系统都是这样。但是量子计算机还不存在，也许短期内也不会出现。当量子计算确实即将成为比特币威胁的时候，可以利用后量子算法来更新比特币协议。基于这一更新的重要性，有理由相信开发人员会将其反复审核，最终为所有比特币用户接受。
Yes, most systems that rely on cryptography, including traditional banking systems. But quantum computers do not exist, and may not appear in the near future.
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