比特幣上首個DA層，Nubit架構與亮點簡析

作者：1912212.eth，Foresight News

Author: 1912212.eth, Foresight News

DA（數據可用性）簡單來說就是區塊生產者將區塊的所有交易資料都發佈到網路中，以便使驗證者可以進行下載。如果區塊生產者發布了完整數據並使驗證者可以下載，我們就說數據是可用的。 DA 層是伴隨著各區塊鏈的擴容需求，以及對DA 更高的要求而抽象化的一層。我們已經看到市場湧現出一大批項目，如Celestia、EigenLayer、NearDA、Avail 等等，這些項目往往自立門派，拉扯大旗，誓要打出自己的名聲。

DA (data availability) simply means that block producers distribute all the data on the block to the Internet so that the tester can download it. If block producers publish complete data and make it possible for the tester to download it, we say the data is available. The DA layer is a layer that is accompanied by the expansion needs of the chains and abstraction of the DA’s higher demands. We have seen a large number of items emerging from the market, such as Celestia, EigenLayer, NearDA, Avail, etc., that are often self-reliant, pulling flags and swearing their names.

在比特幣生態逐漸被資金青睞後，有關比特幣的各類技術路線也風起雲湧，L2、質押、把BTC 引入以太坊或Solana 的DeFi 項目都登上舞台，而BTC 的原生DA 項目也開始受到市場關注。

After the Bitcoin boom, the various technical circuits surrounding the Bitcoins also became cloudy, with the L2, the pledge, the introduction of the BTC into the DeFi project in Etheria or Solana, and the BTC’s original DA project beginning to get market attention.

就在近日，NubitNubit 完成300 萬美元Pre-Seed 輪融資，dao5、OKX Ventures、Primitive Ventures 等參投，團隊表示正在為主網啟動做準備。

Just recently, Nubit Nubit completed the $3 million Pre-Seed swap, with the participation of Dao5, OKX Ventures, Primitive Ventures and others, and the team said it was preparing for the launch of the main network.

Nubit 是可擴充的比特幣原生DA 層，安全性由比特幣保護。 Nubit 能夠有效擴展比特幣的數據容量，為Ordinals、L2、預言機等應用程式提供支持，從而擴大比特幣生態系統的範圍和效率。它旨在完全繼承比特幣的安全性，包括經濟安全、抗篡改、抗審查等。

Nubit is an expanded Bitcoins original DA layer, where security is protected by bitcoins. Nubit can effectively expand the data capacity of bitcoins, support applications such as Ordinals, L2, and Prophecies, and expand the scope and efficiency of the Bitcoins ecosystem.

加密市場行情火熱的時候，比特幣轉帳或交易的手續費往往相當高昂，甚至出現大量壅塞。去年銘文市場需求激增，導致比特幣上儲存超過14GB 的數據，產生極高的成本。來自其官網的數據顯示，Nubit 能夠降低95% 以上的交易費用，且數據吞吐量能夠提升到100 倍以上。

When the encryption market is hot, the billing or transaction costs of Bitcoins tend to be quite high, or even a lot of stubble. Last year’s surge in demand in the paper market led to the storage of more than 14 gigabytes of bitcoins at very high cost. Data from its official network show that Nubit can reduce more than 95% of the transaction costs and that the amount of data swallowed can rise to more than 100 times.

Nubit 主要包含四個基本元件，驗證者、無需信任的橋接器、全儲存節點和輕客戶端。

Nubit consists mainly of four basic components, authenticators, untrustworthy bridges, full storage nodes and light clients.

其中，驗證者節點主要使用拜占庭容錯（PBFT）共識演算法，主要任務為提出、驗證和確保交易的完整性。最小信任化橋則是充當中介，向用戶收取存儲費並透過支付通道向驗證者分配獎勵。全儲存節點主要從驗證者接收到區塊資料後，委託負責所有資料的可靠儲存。輕客戶端則是獲取驗證者廣播的區塊，包括資料承諾，它可能會隨機向全儲存節點發起請求，以驗證DA。

The tester nodes, among other things, use the Byzantine Conversation (PBFT) algorithm, the main task of which is to present, verify and ensure the integrity of the transaction. The minimum trust bridge is an intermediary that collects storage fees from users and distributes rewards through payment channels to the tester. The full storage nodes are primarily responsible for the reliable storage of all data when the tester receives the block data.

共識機制方面，Nubit 仍堅持半同步網路假設。引入一種針對DA 深度最佳化的共識演算法NuBFT。 NuBFT 是BFT 共識演算法的變體，結合了基於RS 編碼的資料分區過程和KZG 的生成。即使某些資料節點受到損壞，使用RS 編碼也可以還原原始資料。

Nubit insists on semi-synchronous network hypotheses. NuBFT, a BFT-consensual algorithm, has been introduced to optimize the depth of the DA. NuBFT is a BFT-consensual algorithm that combines data partitioning based on RS encoding with KZG generation. Even if some data nodes are damaged, RS encoding can restore the original data.

此外，提交給比特幣的KZG 確保了原始數據的有效性。透過將RS 編碼的區塊劃分和KZG 的生成整合到共識演算法中，儲存資料的完整性、可用性和可擴展性直接與共識過程掛鉤，顯著增強整個DA 系統的「穩健性」。

In addition, KZG, submitted to Bitcoins, ensures the validity of the original data. By integrating the fractions of RS encoding and the generation of KZG into a common sense algorithm, the integrity, usability and expansibility of the data are directly linked to the shared understanding process, which increases the "stability" of the entire DA system.

值得注意的是，Nubit 使用BTC 作為共識協議的主要代幣，透過Babylon 等比特幣原生質押機制繼承比特幣的經濟安全性。相比之下，像Celestia 等通用DA 層使用其網路代幣，在比特幣之外引入了額外的信任假設。

It is worth noting that Nubit, using BTC as the main currency of the consensus agreement, inherited Bitcoins’ economic security through the Bitcoat system, such as Babylon. By contrast, generic DA layers like Celestia use their online currency, introducing an extra presumption of trust outside the Bitcoins.

在資料可用性方面，為了解決因節點資料編碼錯誤而導致的潛在網路中斷，Nubit 採用混合方法，整合全節點和輕節點以確保資料完整性。首先，Nubit 採用KZG 作為有效性證明來確保DA，在保持簡潔性的同時減少記憶體、頻寬和儲存需求。即使在Nubit 網路完全崩潰的情況下，節點仍然可以使用全節點和比特幣上提交的KZG 承諾進行資料恢復。為了進一步增強網路可擴充性，Nubit 採用了配備資料可用性取樣(DAS) 的輕節點。這項添加可以擴展區塊大小，以滿足對資料可用性不斷增長的需求。

In terms of data availability, in order to address the potential disruption of the network caused by node data encoding errors, Nubit uses a mix of methods to integrate the entire node and light node to ensure data integrity. First, Nubit uses KZG as proof of effectiveness to ensure that DAs reduce memory, frequency, and storage needs while maintaining simplicity. Even in the case of a complete breakdown in Nubit network, node can recover data using the full node and the KZG pledge submitted on the Bitcoin. To further enhance the network, Nubit has adopted a light feature on the availability of data (DAS).

不過，與其他比特幣L2 解決方案不同的是，Nubit 不具備智慧合約執行層。

However, unlike other Bitcoins L2 solutions, Nubit has no intellectual partnership.

而在無需信任的跨鏈橋方面，以往的比特幣L2 通常依賴中心化的跨鏈橋，由於比特幣特定的架構限製而產生潛在的安全漏洞，Nubit 則直接選擇閃電網絡，使Nubit 能夠在比特幣生態系統中建立安全且無需信任的橋樑。

In the case of untrustworthy cross-link bridges, formerly Bitcoin L2 often relied on a centralized cross-linkage bridge, with potential security holes created by specific Bitcoin construction restrictions, Nubit directly chose the lightning network to enable Nubit to build secure and untrustworthy bridges in the Bitcoin ecosystem.

Nubit 使用比特幣支付管道進行網路費用結算，也是其他BTC 橋解決方案的關鍵差異。 Nubit 用戶無需承擔預存款的要求。相反，他們直接在每筆交易的狀態通道內處理交易費用，確保用戶資金的安全與比特幣本身的安全直接相關。此外，Nubit 的設計允許緊急提款，即使Nubit 停止運營，用戶也可以透過關閉比特幣支付通道來收回資金。

Nubit uses the Bitcoins to pay for Internet fees, which is also a key difference in other BTC bridges solutions. Nubit users do not have to pay for advance deposits. On the contrary, they process transaction costs directly within the status channel of each transaction, ensuring that the security of the user’s funds is directly linked to the security of the Bitcoins themselves.

在過去的BTC 技術實踐中，某種程度而言，像SegWit、Taproot 等都或多或少的增強比特幣DA，但Nubit 的橫空出世似乎恰是時候，因為彼時模組化和L2 浪潮仍未興起，而一種全新的解決方案現在已經出現在跟前。 Nubit 在馬不停蹄的與Babylon、Merlin、BounceBit 等專案方合作後，表示將於今年稍後正式推出主網。未來的發展，值得關注。

In the BTC technology of the past, to some extent, more or less bitcoin DAs have been boosted, such as Segwit, Taproot, but Nubit’s emptiness seems to have come at a time when a new solution is now in sight, given that the tide of intertwining and L2 has not yet started. Nubit, after working with various parties like Babeylon, Merlin, BounceBit, etc., has said that it is time to officially launch the main network later this year.