金屬貨幣

金屬貨幣(Metallic Currency)

MetalCurrent

　　金屬貨幣是指以金屬作為貨幣材料，充當一般等價物的貨幣。

Metal currency means as currency material at .

　　金屬貨幣所以能在流通使用中逐漸取代了自然物貨幣和其他商品貨幣，這是世界各國貨幣發展的必然趨勢。

Metal coins have gradually replaced natural and other commodity coins in circulation, which is the inevitable trend in the development of the world’s currencies.

　　首先，金屬貨幣堅固耐磨，不易腐蝕，既便於流通，也適合於保存。

First, the metal currency is strong and non-perishable and is in circulation and suitable for preservation.

　　因為貨幣既然作為交換媒介，就需要長久地在商品生產者中間流通，要經過無數人的手接觸撫摸。有些人還把貨幣作為儲藏手段，長期保存，以備不時之需，而布帛、糧食、茶磚，可可等商品貨幣就缺乏這種長期儲存性能。

Since the currency is used as a medium of exchange, it needs to circulate over time among producers of /a> in the middle of the commodity . Some people also use the currency as long-term preservation to meet their needs, while storage means .

　　其二、金屬質地均勻，便於任意分割，分割後也可以在熔化後恢複原形，這一點特別適合於作貨幣。

The second is that the metal is evenly divided, and then it can be returned to its original form after melting, which is particularly appropriate for currency purposes.

　　貨幣是用來衡量其他商品價值的尺碼，商品價值有大小，這種量的差別應當在貨幣身上反映出來，金屬作為單純的物質來說，這一塊和那一塊往往是相同的，這種質的同一性，就使它們能夠成為一個標準的尺碼，而其他商品作貨幣就相形見絀了。牛與牛之間有大小肥瘦之分，糧食與糧食，皮毛與皮毛之間也有質的差別，就是海貝、龜板也有大小不等的區別。而金屬可以任意分割，只要重量相等，它們的價值就相等，用其來表示商品量的多少，既準確又方便，如果需要，還可以把小塊金屬熔化，重新鑄成大塊，恢複原先形狀。這樣就比布帛、禽畜、海貝、珠玉都優越得多。如果用綿羊作貨幣換鹽，至少要買值一頭羊的鹽，因為羊是不能任意分割的，如果一分割，活羊就成了死羊，而且羊的每一部份肉的品質也是不相同的，布匹、皮革同樣如此。自然貨幣海貝也不能一分為二，分開後就會失去了其原來的價值，所以文字學家才創造了“分貝”為“貧”這個字來。正因為金屬貨幣具有上述種種優特點，因而在長期的市場交換中逐漸取代了實物貨幣和自然物貨幣。

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　　(1)金屬礦藏的發現和開采。

(1) Discovery and exploitation of metal deposits.

　　(2)第二次社會大分工。(手工業從農業中分離出來。各種金屬出現了，許多熔煉技術的發明使金屬在交換中逐步成為主要對象，經常進入流通過程，從而使金屬成為幣材。

(2) The second large social division of labour ( is separated from the agricultural sector. Metals appear, and the inventions of many molten techniques gradually make the metal the main counterpart in the exchange, often entering the circulation process, from which the metal becomes the currency.

　　(3)金屬具有實物貨幣不可替代的優越性。(價值相對穩定、易於分割、保存，便於攜帶等。)

(3) Metals have an irreplaceable advantage in real currency. (The value is stable, easily divided, preserved, etc.)

　　(1)由賤金屬到貴金屬的演變。貨幣金屬最初是賤金屬，多數國家和地區使用的是銅。賤金屬與初步發展起來的商品經濟是相適應的，但後來存在貨幣材料與生產資料、生活資料爭奪原材料的問題，而且由於價值量的降低，不適應大宗交易。隨著貴金屬的開采和冶煉技術的提高，於是幣材由銅向銀和金過渡。到19世紀上半期，世界上大多數國家處於金銀複本位貨幣制度時期。

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　　(2)金屬貨幣經歷了從稱量貨幣到鑄幣的演變。金屬貨幣最初是以條塊狀流通的，每次交易時要稱其重量估其成色，這時的貨幣稱作稱量貨幣。英鎊的“鎊”，五銖錢的“銖”都是重量單位，從中可以看出稱量貨幣的蹤跡。稱量貨幣在交易中很不方便，難以適應商品生產和交換髮展的需要。隨著社會第三次大分工——商人階層的出現，一些信譽好的商人就在貨幣金屬塊上打上印記，標明其重量和成色，進行流通，於是出現了最初的鑄幣，即私人鑄幣。當商品交換突破區域市場的範圍後，金屬塊的重量和成色就要求有更具權威的證明，於是國家便開始管理貨幣，並憑藉其政治權力開始鑄造貨幣，於是經國家證明的、具有規定重量和成色的、鑄成一定形狀的國家鑄幣出現了。

(ii) Metal coins have been transformed from . Metal coins are initially flowing from a block, and each transaction is valued at its weight at its weight, which is called its weight at the time.