Web 3.0 ：渐行渐近的新一代互联网

互联网是人类通信技术的重大革命,对人类社会产生了极其深远的影响。随着当前各类信息技术的迭代创新,互联网正呈现向下一代演进的趋势。这一演进或将引发新一轮信息革命,进一步深刻改变人们的生活、工作以及社会方方面面。在Web1.0问世前夕,美国于1993年出台“国家信息基础设施”战略计划，大力建设信息时代的“高速公路”,从而获得Web1.0和Web2.0的全球领导地位。Web经过30多年的发展,如今正处在从Web2.0向Web3.0演进的重要时点。加强关于Web3.0的前瞻研究和战略预判,对我国未来互联网基础设施建设无疑具有重要意义。

On the eve of Web1.0, the United States launched & ldquo in 1993; national information infrastructure & rdquo; strategic plans for building the information age & & ldquo; highways & & rdquo; thus gaining global leadership in Web1.0 and Web 2.0. Web, after more than 30 years of development, is now at an important juncture in moving from Web2.0 to Web3.0. Strengthening forward research and strategic foresight on Web3.0 will undoubtedly be of great importance for the future development of our Internet infrastructure.

Web3.0是用户与建设者拥有并信任的互联网基础设施

Web3. is an Internet infrastructure owned and trusted by users and builders

科技创业者兼投资人克里斯·迪克森 ( Chris Dixon) 把 Web3.0描述为一个建设者和用户的互联网, 数字资产则是连接建设者和用户的纽带。研究机构 Messari 研究员江下( Eshita)把从 Web 1. 0 到 Web 2. 0 再到Web 3. 0的演变描述为:Web 1. 0 为“可读”(read),Web 2. 0 为 “可读 + 可写”( read + write), Web3. 0 则是 “可读 + 可写 + 可拥有”(read + write + own)。

Researcher Messari Researcher Eshita describes the evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 to Web 3.0 as: Web 1.0 to “ readable & rdquo;readable;read; Readable; Web 2.0 to &ldquao; Readable + Write & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; Read + write & & & & & & & & ; read + write & & & ; read + write & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; read + write + write + & & & & & & & & & & & & & & ; read + write + & own.

Web 1.0是早期的互联网,用户只能被动地浏览互联网提供的文本、图片以及简单的视频内容,是内容的消费者。而在 Web2. 0时代,用户不仅可读而且可写,尤其是随着移动互联网以及YouTube、Facebook、微信等网络平台的发展,用户可以在平台上创造和传播自己的内容(包括文字、图片、视频等),并与其他用户交流互动。但无论是 Web 1. 0 还是 Web 2. 0,用户的线上活动都依赖特定的互联网平台。即使在 Web 2. 0 时代, 用户可以是内容的生产者,但相关规则依然由互联网平台制定,用户缺乏自主权,主要体现为以下三个方面。

Web 1.0 is an early Internet where users can only passively view text, pictures, and simple video content provided by the Internet, and is a consumer of content. In the Web 2.0 era, users not only readable but also writeable, especially as mobile Internet and web platforms such as YouTube, Facebook and micromail develop, users can create and disseminate their own content (including text, pictures, videos, etc.) on the platform and interact with other users. But whether Web 1.0 or Web 2.0, users rely on specific Internet platforms for online activities. Even in the Web 2.0 era, users can be content producers, but rules are still developed by Internet platforms and users lack autonomy, mainly in three areas.

一是用户对数字身份缺乏自主权。用户只有在互联网平台上创建账户,才能获得参与相应线上活动的数字身份, 一旦销户则会失去权限。每创建一次账户,用户都要填写一次个人信息。不同互联网平台企业建立不同的账户体系,各账户体系规则不尽相同,用户需要管理诸多账号和密码。不同账户体系间相互独立,容易形成“孤岛”,不利于互联网生态发展,还会衍生出垄断、不正当竞争等问题。

is a user's lack of autonomy over digital identity. users can only get digital identity for participating in the corresponding online activity by creating an account on an Internet platform and lose their rights if they sell it. Each time an account is created, users have to fill in personal information once.

II is the lack of user autonomy over personal data . is relatively vulnerable to individual users in the face of large Internet platforms. “ either agrees or does not serve ” the choice is that users can only agree that personal data is collected or overcollected. Today, Internet platforms are highly permeable to all sectors of society, providing users with a variety of services such as communication, socialization, Internet purchase, information and entertainment. In order to access these services, users have to alienate the rights of data subjects.

三是用户在算法面前缺乏自主权。算法是互联网平台的核心。算法可以进行独特的客户洞察, 形成 “千人千面” 的用户画像,成为网络经济的制胜法宝。但近年来,算法滥用、算法作恶等问题日益突出。比如,有些平台利用大数据“杀熟”,同样的商品或服务,老客户获得的价格反而比新客户要高;有些平台只推荐能带来潜在商业利益的产品甚至假冒伪劣产品,而不是对用户来说最适合、最恰当的商品;有些平台滥用人性弱点,过度激励、劝服、诱导用户消费,使人们习惯“被喂养”,不自觉地对算法投放的产品沉迷;而算法的具体原理和参数只有运营企业的少部分人才能知道,易引发利益侵占问题;还有一些平台甚至利用算法作恶,推送低级庸俗的内容或耸人听闻的虚假信息以扩大流量。

is the lack of autonomy of users before algorithms. algorithms are the core of Internet platforms. Arithmetic can provide unique client insight, resulting in “ thousands of faces & & & rdquo; user portraits, which have become the winner of the network economy. But in recent years, issues such as algorithm abuse and arithmetic abuse have become more prominent. Some platforms, for example, use big data & ldquo; kill & rdquo; same goods or services, older customers receive higher prices than new customers; some platforms recommend products with potential commercial benefits than even counterfeit products, rather than the most appropriate ones for users; some platforms abuse human vulnerabilities, over-incentive, dissuasive, induce users to consume, make habits & ldquo; fed & & rdquo; unwittingly addicted to products released by algorithms; and the specific rationales and parameters of the algorithms can only be known to a small number of operators, easily exploit interests; and some platforms even use low-level algorithms to spread false or sensational information.

Web3.0以用户为中心,强调用户拥有自主权,具体体现为以下几点。

Web3.0 is user-centred and emphasizes user ownership, as reflected in the following points.

一是赋予用户自主管理身份(Self-SovereignIdentity,简称SSI)的权利。用户无须在互联网平台上创建账户,而是可以通过公私钥的签名与验签机制建立数字身份。为了在没有互联网平台账户的条件下可信地验证身份,Web3.0还可利用分布式账本技术,构建分布式公钥基础设施(DistributedPublicKeyInfrastruc-ture,简称DPKI)和一种全新的可信分布式数字身份管理系统。分布式账本是一种严防篡改的可信计算范式,在这一范式中,发证方、持证方和验证方之间可以端到端地传递信任。

gives users the right to manage their identity autonomously . Users do not need to create accounts on Internet platforms but can create digital identities by means of a signature and verification mechanism for public and private keys > , Identity, > < strong > > > > > > users need not create accounts on Internet platforms, but rather can establish digital identities through a signature and verification mechanism for public and private keys. Web3.0, in order to reliably verify identities without Internet platform accounts, Web 3.0 can also use distributed book technology to build distributed PublicKey infodic-ture and a new digital identity management system.

二是赋予用户真正的数据自主权。Web3.0不仅赋予用户自主管理身份的权利,而且打破了中心化模式下数据控制者对数据的天然垄断。分布式账本技术可提供一种全新的自主可控数据隐私保护方案。用户数据经密码算法保护后存储在分布式账本中。将身份信息与谁共享、作何种用途均由用户决定,只有经用户签名授权的个人数据才能被合法使用。通过数据的全生命周期确权,数据主体的知情同意权、访问权、拒绝权、可携权、删除权(被遗忘权)、更正权、持续控制权能够得到更有效的保障。

II gives users real data autonomy . Web3.0 not only gives users the right to manage their identity autonomously, but also breaks the natural monopoly of data controllers over data under the centralized model. Distributive account technology provides a completely new program of autonomous data privacy protection. User data is stored in distributed books with password-protected algorithms. Users share identity information with whom and for what purposes, and only personal data authorized by the user's signature can be used legally. The right of informed consent of data subjects, access rights of refusal, portability (forgotten rights), right of removal, right of correction, and continued control can be more effectively guaranteed through full life cycle validation of data.

Web3. is a new economic system shared by users and builders

互联网经济的典型特征是流量为王———用户越多,价值越高。最简单的用户价值变现方式是广告。直到现在,广告依然是互联网产业收入的重要来源。互联网平台还可利用大数据分析技术,从海量的用户数据中挖掘用户的特征、习惯、需求和偏好,借此开展精准营销和智能推荐,或者将相关数据分析产品卖给第三方并从中获利。在Web1.0和Web2.0时代,用户虽然可以免费使用平台提供的服务,且在早期平台引流时还会得到优惠券和消费红包之类的福利,但其作为互联网价值的源头却享受不到互联网的价值收益。由生态沉淀出的用户数据也被互联网平台占有,用户作为生态的重要参与者和贡献者无法从中获益。

The Internet economy is typically characterized by flows of & mdash; — — and higher value for more users. The simplest way to realize user value is through advertising. Until now, advertising remains an important source of income for the Internet industry.

Web 3. 0 将重构互联网经济的组织形式和商业模式。Web 1. 0和 Web 2. 0 以互联网平台为核心,由互联网平台组织开展信息生产与收集,通过平台连接产生网络效应,降低生产者与消费者之间的搜寻成本,优化供需匹配,因此被称为平台经济。而Web3.0利用分布式账本技术,构建一个激励相容的开放式环境,我们称之为去中心化自治组织(DecentralizedAutonomousOrganiza-tion,简称DAO)。在这样的环境中,众多互不相识的个体自愿参与“无组织”的分布式协同作业,像传统企业一样投资、运营、管理项目,并共同拥有权益(Stake)和资产。项目决策依靠民主治理,由参与者共同投票决定,决策后的事项采用智能合约自动执行。DAO是一种“无组织形态的组织力量”,没有董事会,没有公司章程,没有森严的上下级制度,没有中心化的管理者,而是去中心化,点对点平权。用户共创共建、共享共治,他们既是网络的参与者和建设者,也是网络的投资者、拥有者以及价值分享者。

Web 3.0 will re-establish the organizational and business model of the Internet economy. Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 will focus on Internet platforms that organize information production and collection, generate network effects through platform connections, reduce search costs between producers and consumers, optimize supply-demand matching, and thus are called the platform economy. Web3.0 will use distributed book technology to build an open environment of incentives, known as decentralized autonomous organizations (decisionralized AutonomyOrganiza-tion, or DAO). In such an environment, many unknown individuals voluntarily participate in the production and collection of information and create network effects by means of Internet connections, reduce the cost of searching between producers and consumers, optimize supply-and-demand matching.

在Web3.0时代,开发者可以创建任意的基共识的、可扩展的、标准化的、图灵完备的、易于开发和协同的应用,任何人都可在智能合约中自由定义所有权规则和交易方式,以此发展出各类分布式商业应用,从而构建新型的可编程金融、可编程经济。一个智能合约可能就是一种商业模式,它可以具有无限的想象空间,用户将共同分享各类可编程商业项目发展壮大带来的收益。

In the Web3.0 era, developers can create arbitrary, scalable, standardized, well-developed, easy to develop and synergetic applications, and anyone can freely define ownership rules and modes of dealing in smart contracts as a way to develop distributed commercial applications, thus creating a new programmable financial and programmable economy. A smart contract may be a business model with unlimited imagination, with users sharing the benefits of the growth of a variety of programmable commercial projects.

如前述所言,Web3.0还赋予用户真正的数据自主权。个人信息将成为用户自主掌控的数据资产,他们可以在数据流转和交易中真正获益,使自己的数据不再是互联网平台的免费资源。

As noted above, Web3.0 also gives real data autonomy to users. Personal information will become a data asset in the hands of users who can truly benefit from data flows and transactions, making their own data no longer a free resource for Internet platforms.

Web3.0创新发展战略

Web > 3. 0 innovative development strategies > > /strang >