2023年区块链对金融领域的影响(四篇)

无论是身处学校还是步入社会，大家都尝试过写作吧，借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢？接下来小编就给大家介绍一下优秀的范文该怎么写，我们一起来看一看吧。

Whether in school or in society, everyone tries to write, and by doing so we can improve our ability to organize our language. How can you write a pamphlet to play its greatest role? Let's show you how to write an excellent pamphlet. Let's take a look at it.

1、区块链的基本概念

Basic Concepts of Block Chains

定义：

Definitions:

区块链（blockchain）是比特币的底层技术，像一个数据库账本，记载所有的交易记录。这项技术也因其安全、便捷的特性逐渐得到了银行与金融业的关注。

Block chains (blockchain) are the bottom-of-the-line technologies of Bitcoin, like a database book that records all transactions.

简介：

Introduction:

区块链（blockchain）是比特币的一个重要概念，本质上是一个去中心化的数据库，同时作为比特币的底层技术。区块链是一串使用密码学方法相关联产生的数据块，每一个数据块中包含了一次比特币网络交易的信息，用于验证其信息的有效性（防伪）和生成下一个区块。

Block chains are an important concept of Bitcoin, which is essentially a decentralised database and serves as a bottom-of-the-line technology for bitcoins. Block chains are a series of data blocks that are linked by cryptography, each containing information from a Bitcoin network transaction to verify the validity of its information (false security) and to generate the next block.

区块链在网络上是公开的，可以在每一个离线比特币钱包数据中查询。比特币钱包的功能依赖于与区块链的确认，一次有效检验称为一次确认。通常一次交易要获得数个确认才能进行。轻量级比特币钱包使用在线确认，即不会下载区块链数据到设备存储中。

Block chains are publicly available on the network and can be consulted in every offline bitcoin wallet data. Bitcoins wallets are functionally dependent on confirmation with the block chain, and a valid check is called confirmation. Usually a transaction requires several confirmations. Lightweight bitcoins wallets use online confirmations, i.e. they do not download block chain data into device storage.

比特币的众多竞争币也使用同样的设计，只是在工作量证明和算法上略有不同。如：权益证明和scrypt等等。

The same design is used for a large number of bitcoins, but only slightly different in workload certification and algorithms. For example, proof of interest and Scrypt, etc.

创世区块：

Genesis block:

该概念在中本聪的白皮书中提出，中本聪创造第一个区块，即“创世区块”。2009年1月3日，比特币的创始人中本聪在创世区块里留下一句永不可修改的话：

The concept was put forward in the White Paper of the Middle East, where he created the first block, the "Inventive Block." On 3 January 2009, Benz, the founder of Bitcoin, left an unalterable sentence in the Founding Block:

“the times 03/jan/2009 chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks（2009年1月3日，财政大臣正处于实施第二轮银行紧急援助的边缘）。”

“The times 03/jan/2009 chancellor on bridge of second bailout for banks (on 3 January 2009, the Minister of Finance was on the verge of implementing the second round of bank emergency assistance”).

当时正是英国的财政大臣达林被迫考虑第二次出手纾解银行危机的时刻，这句话是泰晤士报当天的头版文章标题。区块链的时间戳服务和存在证明，第一个区块链产生的时间和当时正发生的事件被永久性的保留了下来。比特币公司btcc于2015年推出了一项服务“千年之链”即区块链刻字服务，就是采用的以上原理。用户可以将通过这项服务将文字刻在区块链上，永久保存。

It was the moment when British Treasury Secretary Darlin was forced to consider a second attempt to mitigate the banking crisis, the headline of the newspaper’s headlines of the day. The time-stamping service and the existence of the block chain proved that the timing of the first block chain and the events that were taking place were permanently preserved.

发展：

Development:

区块链诞生自中本聪的比特币，自2009年以来，出现了各种个样的类比特币的数字货币，都是基于公有区块链的。数字货币的现状是百花齐放，列出一些常见的：bitcoin、litecoin、dogecoin、okcoinetc，除了货币的应用之外，还有各种衍生应用，如比特股，彩色币，ripple，ethereum等等。可以用区块链的一些领域可以是： ? 智能合约 ? 证券交易 ? 电子商务 ? 物联网 ? 社交通讯 ? 文件存储 ? 存在性证明 ? 身份验证 ? 股权众筹

The block chain is born of the smart bitcoin, and since 2009 there have been various kinds of bitcoins of digital currency, all based on the public block chain. The status quo of the digital currency is a bunch of flowers, listing some of the most common: bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, okcoinetc, in addition to currency applications, a variety of derivative applications, such as bitcoins, colour coins, ripple, etherum, and so on. Some of the areas that can be used in the block chain are:? smart contracts? securities trading? e-commerce? social communications? document storage? proof of existence? identification? equity collection.

我们可以把区块链的发展类比互联网本身的发展，未来会在internet上形成一个比如叫做finance-internet的东西，而这个东西就是基于区块链，它的前驱就是bitcoin，即传统金融从私有链、行业链出发（局域网），bitcoin系列从公有链（广域网）出发，都表达了同一种概念——数字资产（digitalasset），最终向一个中间平衡点收敛。区块链的进化方式是： ? 区块链1.0——数字货币

We can compare the development of the block chain to the development of the Internet itself, and in the future we will form an object on the Internet, like the funnance-internet, which is based on the block chain, which is driven by bitcoin, which is traditional finance from the private chain, the industry chain (LAN), the bitcoin series from the public chain (WAN), which expresses the same concept - digital assets (digitalasset) and eventually a middle equilibrium. The block chain evolves by:?

? 区块链2.0——数字资产与智能合约

♪ Block chain 2.0 - Digital assets and smart contracts

? 区块链3.0——dao、dac（区块链自洽组织、区块链自洽公司）–>区块链大社会（科学，医疗，教育etc，区块链+人工智能）。

• 3.0 - dao, dac (block chain organization, block chain company) - & gt; block chain society (science, medical, educational etc, block chain + artificial intelligence).

分类：

Classification:

区块链目前分为三类，其中混合区块链和私有区块链可以认为是广义的私链: 公有区块链（publicblockchains)公有区块链是指：世界上任何个体或者团体都可以发送交易，且交易能够获得该区块链的有效确认，任何人都可以参与其共识过程。公有区块链是最早的区块链，也是目前应用最广泛的区块链，各大bitcoins系列的虚拟数字货币均基于公有区块链，世界上有且仅有一条该币种对应的区块链。联合（行业）区块链（consortiumblockchains)行业区块链：由某个群体内部指定多个预选的节点为记账人，每个块的生成由所有的预选节点共同决定（预选节点参与共识过程），其他接入节点可以参与交易，但不过问记账过程(本质上还是托管记账，只是变成分布式记账，预选节点的多少，如何决定每个块的记账者成为该区块链的主要风险点），其他任何人可以通过该区块链开放的api进行限定查询。

The public block chain means that any individual or group in the world can send a transaction and the transaction can be validly identified in the block chain, and anyone can participate in the process of consensus. The public block chain is the earliest, and the virtual digital currency of the large bitcoins series is currently applied in the broadest sense of the private chain: the public block chain means that any individual or group in the world can send a transaction and that any person can participate in the process. The public block chain is the first block chain, and the virtual digital currency of the large bitcoins series is based on the public block chain, and there is only one chain of blocks in that currency.

私有区块链（privateblockchains)私有区块链：仅仅使用区块链的总账技术进行记账，可以是一个公司，也可以是个人，独享该区块链的写入权限，本链与其他的分布式存储方案没有太大区别。目前(dec2015)保守的巨头（传统金融）都是想实验尝试私有区块链，而公链的应用例如bitcoin已经工业化，私链的应用产品还在摸索当中。

Private block chains (privateblockchains) are private block chains: accounting is done only with the master account technology of the block chain, either as a company or as an individual, with exclusive access to the block chain, which is not so different from other distributed storage schemes. Conservative giants (traditional finance) are now trying to experiment with private block chains, while public chain applications, such as bitcoin, are industrialized, and private chain applications are still being explored.

特征：

Features:

? 去中心化

♪ To centralize

由于使用分布式核算和存储，不存在中心化的硬件或管理机构，任意节点的权利和义务都是均等的，系统中的数据块由整个系统中具有维护功能的节点来共同维护。

As a result of the use of distributed accounting and storage, there is no centralized hardware or regulatory body, rights and obligations are equal at any node, and data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions throughout the system.

? 开放性

♪ Openness

系统是开放的，除了交易各方的私有信息被加密外，区块链的数据对所有人公开，任何人都可以通过公开的接口查询区块链数据和开发相关应用，因此整个系统信息高度透明。

The system is open and, with the exception of the encryption of private information by the parties to the transaction, the data in the block chain are made available to all, and anyone can access the block chain data and develop relevant applications through open interfaces, thus providing a high degree of transparency of information throughout the system.

? 自治性

♪ Autonomy

区块链采用基于协商一致的规范和协议（比如一套公开透明的算法）使得整个系统中的所有节点能够在去信任的环境自由安全的交换数据，使得对“人”的信任改成了对机器的信任，任何人为的干预不起作用。

The use of consensus-based norms and agreements in block chains (e.g. an open and transparent algorithm) allows all nodes of the system to exchange freely and secure data in a trusted environment, transforming trust in the “human person” into trust in the machine, and no one's intervention works.

? 信息不可篡改

♪ The information cannot be tampered with

一旦信息经过验证并添加至区块链，就会永久的存储起来，除非能够同时控制住系统中超过51%的节点，否则单个节点上对数据库的修改是无效的，因此区块链的数据稳定性和可靠性极高。

Once the information is validated and added to the block chain, it is permanently stored, and unless more than 51 per cent of the nodes in the system can be controlled simultaneously, changes to the database at a single node are invalid and therefore the data stability and reliability of the block chain are extremely high.

? 匿名性

♪ Anonymous

由于节点之间的交换遵循固定的算法，其数据交互是无需信任的（区块链中的程序规则会自行判断活动是否有效），因此交易对手无须通过公开身份的方式让对方自己产生信任，对信用的累积非常有帮助。应用：

Since exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the interaction of data is untrustworthy (the rules of procedure in the block chain determine the validity of the activity), the counterparty does not need to create confidence in itself through an open identity, which is very helpful for credit accumulation:

? 艺术行业

♪ Artistic industry

ascribe让艺术家们可以在使用区块链技术来声明所有权，发行可编号，限量版的作品，可以针对任何类型艺术品的数字形式。它甚至还包括了一个交易市场，艺术家们可以通过他们的网站进行买卖，而无需任何中介服务。

Ascribe allows artists to use block chain technology to declare ownership, issue numbered, limited versions of works, or digital forms for any type of art. It even includes a market where artists can buy and sell through their websites without any intermediary services.

? 法律行业

♪ Legal profession

bitproof是目前近些年来涌现的众多文档时间戳应用中最为先进的，将会让传统的公证方式成为过去。相对于包括blocksgin和originstaemp这样的免费版本，bitproof提供更多的服务，包括有一个是针对知识产权的。有趣的是，bitproof最近和一家旧金山的it学校进行合作，把他们学生的学历证书都放在区块链上，完全重新定义了如何让文凭和学生证书的处理和使用方式。

Bitproof is the most advanced of the many document time stamp applications that have emerged in recent years, which will make traditional notarization the past. Bitproof offers more services, including one on intellectual property, than free versions, including Blocksgin and originstaemp. Interestingly, Bitproof recently worked with an int school in San Francisco to place their students’ diplomas on a block chain, completely redefining how diplomas and student certificates are processed and used.

? 开发行业

♪ Development industry

colu是首个允许其它企业发行数字资产的企业，他们可以将各种资产来“代币化”让许多人影响深刻。尽管免费的比特币钱包counerparty也允许发行简单的代币，并且在其他钱包持有者之间进行交易，colu的代币可以设置有各种状态和类型，能够脱离或者重新回到这个系统，并且当在区块链上存储数据过大的时候能够将数据存储在bittorrent的网络上。

The colu is the first company to allow other firms to issue digital assets, and they can “currency” assets to many people. Although free Bitcoin wallets also allow for the issuance of simple tokens and transactions between other wallet holders, colu’s tokens can be set up in a variety of states and types, can be separated from or re-entered into the system, and can store data on the bittorrent network when the data is stored too large on the block chain.

? 房地产行业

♪ Real estate industry

他们计划能够让整个产业链流程变得更加现代化，解决每个人在参与房地产面临的各种问题，包括命名过程，土地登记，代理中介等。

They plan to modernize the entire industrial chain process and address the problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, brokering, etc.

? 金融角度看待区块链

♪ Financial perspective on block chains

货币的本质：货币只是一种广泛价值共识，本身不具有价值沉淀。资产与货币的关系：货币描述资产。

The nature of the currency: the currency is a broad consensus of values and does not in itself have a value deposit. The relationship between the asset and the currency: the currency describes the asset.

什么是数字资产：资产数字化，可细分，可交易，价格由供需市场决定，而不是价值中介——货币决定。

What are digital assets: assets are digitized, broken down, tradable, and prices are determined by the market for supply and demand rather than by the value intermediary — the currency.

? 保险行业

♪ Insurance industry

在过去两年里，说起科技领域最炙手可热话题的必然离不开区块链技术。这一脱胎于比特币的底层技术，以7年多的稳定运行证明了其高度安全可靠的架构和算法设计，同时凭借分布式账本和智能合约等创新性的技术，为多个行业的产业升级打开了巨大的想象空间。甚至有业内专家预言区块链技术将掀起第二次互联网革命。金融行业历来对先进技术最为敏感。传统的银行和证券业巨头从2014年就纷纷投身于如火如荼的区块链创业投资中，两年内全球投资总额高达 10亿美金，其中更不乏像dah的6千万美元、blockstream的5千万美元这样的巨额a轮融资。除了资金投入，各大公司更是亲自参与和推动具体的业务应用当中：例如美国纳斯达克证券交易所推出的linq区块链股权交易所已经与2015年底开始发行测试；而 全球43家跨国银行结成的r3 cev联盟也是一直在测试和改进银行间的跨行清算联盟链，动作之快，参与度之高都是前所未有。

In the past two years, the most powerful topic in the field of science and technology has been the need for block-link technology. This bottom-line technology, which has grown out of bitcoin for more than seven years of steady operation, has proved its highly secure architecture and algorithmic design, while innovative technologies such as distributed books and smart contracts have opened a huge window of imagination for industrial upgrading in a number of industries. Even industry experts predict that block-chain technology will start a second Internet revolution. The financial sector has been the most sensitive to advanced technology.

保险行业虽然对于区块链技术的参与相对比较保守，但在学术领域一直在进行积极的探索和研究。2014年底，由英国著名的z/yen group咨询集团发起的欧美保险业论坛推出的长达50页的《终身之链》专项研究报告从多个方面讨论的区块链将会给保险业带来的创新和变革。

Although the insurance sector’s participation in block chain technology is relatively conservative, it has been actively exploring and researching in the academic field. At the end of 2014, the 50-page Euro-American Insurance Forum, launched by the United Kingdom’s renowned z/yen group of consultants, launched a special study on the life chain, will bring innovation and change to the insurance industry.

在研究区块链技术的同时，和国内众多保险行业的专家学者交流，从业务流程、公司管理等多个角度深入探讨了区块链在保险业务的具体落脚点，现笔者与读者分享对于信用风险管理的一些思考。

While studying block chain technology, exchanges with experts from a wide range of insurance industries in the country explored in depth the specific location of block chains in insurance operations from a variety of perspectives, including business processes and corporate governance, and the presenter shared with readers some reflections on credit risk management.

区块链核心技术简介

Technical description of the core block chain

区块链主要解决的交易的信任和安全问题，因此它针对这个问题提出了四个技术创新：

The block chain primarily addresses the issues of trust and security in transactions, and it therefore proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:

-第一个叫分布式账本，就是交易记账由分布在不同地方的多个节点共同完成，而且每一个节点都记录的是完整的账目，因此它们都可以参与监督交易合法性，同时也可以共同为其作证。不同于传统的中心化记账方案，没有任何一个节点可以单独记录账目，从而避免了单一记账人被控制或者被贿赂而记假账的可能性。另一方面，由于记账节点足够多，理论上讲除非所有的节点被破坏，否则账目就不会丢失，从而保证了账目数据的安全性。

The first is called a distributed book of accounts, in which transactions are accounted for jointly by multiple nodes located in different places, and each node records complete accounts, so that they can participate in monitoring the legitimacy of the transaction and can testify against it together. Unlike the traditional centralization scheme, no node can record accounts separately, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to keep a false account. On the other hand, because of the large number of nodes in the accounts, the accounts would theoretically not be lost unless all nodes were destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of account data.

-第二个叫做对称加密和授权技术，存储在区块链上的交易信息是公开的，但是账户身份信息是高度加密的，只有在数据拥有者授权的情况下才能访问到，从而保证了数据的安全和个人的隐私。

- The second is called symmetric encryption and authorization technology, in which transactional information stored on the block chain is publicly available, but account identity information is highly encrypted and accessible only with the authorization of the data owner, thereby ensuring data security and personal privacy.

-第三个叫做共识机制，就是所有记账节点之间怎么达成共识，去认定一个记录的有效性，这既是认定的手段，也是防止篡改的手段。区块链提出了四种不同的共识机制，适用于不同的应用场景，在效率和安全性之间取得平衡。以比特币为例，采用的是工作量证明，只有在控制了全网超过51%的记账节点的情况下，才有可能伪造出一条不存在的记录。当加入区块链的节点足够多的时候，这基本上不可能，从而杜绝了造假的可能。

The third, called a consensus mechanism, is how to reach a consensus among all bookkeeping nodes to determine the validity of a record, both as a perceived tool and as a means of preventing tampering. The block chain offers four different consensus mechanisms that apply to different applications, balancing efficiency and security. In Bitcoin, for example, the workload proves that it is possible to falsify a non-existent record only if more than 51% of the account nodes are controlled.

-最后一个技术特点叫智能合约，智能合约是基于这些可信的不可篡改的数据，可以自动化的执行一些预先定义好的规则和条款。以保险为例，如果说每个人的信息（包括医疗信息和风险发生的信息）都是真实可信的，那就很容易的在一些标准化的保险产品中，去进行自动化的理赔。在保险公司的日常业务中，虽然交易不像银行和证券行业那样频繁，但是对可信数据的依赖是有增无减。因此，笔者认为利用区块链技术，从数据管理的角度切入，能够有效地帮助保险公司提高风险管理能力。具体来讲主要分投保人风险管理和保险公司的风险监督。投保人风险管理

In the case of insurance, where everyone’s information (including medical information and information on the occurrence of risks) is authentic, it is easy to make automated claims in standardized insurance products. In insurance companies’ day-to-day operations, transactions are less frequent than in the banking and securities industries, but reliance on credible data is increasing.

在现在的保险经营中，保险公司和投保人的纠纷时有发生，要么是投保人提供虚假的个人信息骗保，要么是理赔的时候对于免责条款的认定发生分歧。而这些问题的关键都在于对投保人的个人信息缺乏一个真实可信的数据采集和存储手段。

In the present insurance operation, disputes arise between insurance companies and insured persons, either through the provision of false personal information by the insured person or through differences in the determination of exoneration clauses at the time of settlement. The key to these issues is the lack of a genuine and credible means of data collection and storage of the insured person’s personal information.

而随着诸如医疗信息数字化、个人征信体系等国家系统性工程的推进，越来越多的权威数据源出现，如果能够将这些数据引入并存储在区块链上，将成为伴随每一个人的数字身份，这上面的数据真实可信，无法篡改，实时同步，终身有效，对于投保人的风险管理将带来莫大的益处。

As national systems, such as the digitization of medical information and the system of personal letters, move forward, an increasing number of authoritative sources of data emerge that, if they can be introduced and stored on the block chain, will be the digital identity accompanying everyone, and the data above are genuinely credible, cannot be tampered with, synchronized in real time, effective for life, with great benefits for the risk management of the insured.

-第一，是将不同公司之间的数据打通，相互参考，从而及时发现重复投保、历史理赔等信息，及时发现高风险用户。以今年3月份4000万意外伤害险骗保为例，扬州的周某在十余家寿险公司投保，直到人工核保时才查出来。如果在区块链记录了他每一次投保信息，很快就可以发现并及时采取措施。

First, to connect data between companies, and to cross-reference each other, in order to detect duplicate insurance, historical claims, etc., and to identify high-risk users in a timely manner. For example, in March of this year, Yoonzhou insured more than 10 companies for life insurance until the time of artificial nuclear insurance.

-第二，是将不同行业的数据引入区块链，可以提高核保、核赔的准确性和效率。举一个重疾险的例子，如果能在区块链上查询到投保人所有的就诊记录，甚至直系亲属的就诊记录，对于投保人当前的身体状况、患病史、家族病史就有了一手的资料，有效地杜绝带病投保。保险公司风险监督

Second, by introducing data from different industries into the block chain, it is possible to improve the accuracy and efficiency of insurance coverage and compensation payments.

在保险公司运营过程中，由于各种原因导致的风险时有发生，监管机构只能采取事前审核或者事后约束的措施。但随着保险业务的前端日益开放，参与保险市场的企业越来越多元化，事中监督的需求日益凸显。而笔者看来，区块链技术正是进行事中监督的有效技术手段之一。只要保险公司将日常运营流程搬到区块链上，并向监管机构开发一个记账节点（即使是一个只读的记账节点），监管机构就可以实时的观察到保险公司的全部业务动向。例如资金流向和投资构成、产品的承保和赔付数据、主要的人事和管理操作等，无需等到保险公司事后申报，从而及时发现可能存在的业务风险和违规操作。

In the course of insurance companies’ operations, risks arise for a variety of reasons, and regulators can only take pre-screening or post-restriction measures. But as insurance operations become more open at the front end and the firms involved in the insurance market become more diversified, the need for supervision becomes increasingly evident.

在此基础上，监管机构还可以利用大数据技术，对全国的保险市场进行分析和预测，及时发现和预防可能存在的系统性风险，或是发现潜在的保障需求和趋势，从而更好地为老百姓提供保障。除了通过改变数据存储方式来减少保险公司在承保和监督方面的风险，区块链技术还激活了很多传统的保障模式，例如相互保险，以及很多新的保障需求，例如临时动态保单。随着科技和保险行业的交流和碰撞日益加深，相信还会有更多新的应用和公司出现。

On this basis, regulators can also use large data technologies to analyse and forecast the country’s insurance markets, to identify and prevent possible systemic risks in a timely manner, or to identify potential safeguards needs and trends, in order to better safeguard the population. In addition to reducing insurance companies’ insurance and surveillance risks by changing the way data are stored, block chain technologies also activate many traditional safeguard models, such as mutual insurance, and many new safeguards requirements, such as temporary dynamic insurance policies.

什么条件下才需要使用区块链

What conditions do you need to use a block chain?

区块链是 2016年 的新流行词。最大最安全的公共区块链是比特币使用的区块链，目前的市场价值约为 64 亿美元。在许多企业家眼中，区块链诱人的发展前景可能是一种新的召唤。比特币促成了许多有趣的创新，比如通过我的公司 bitwage 来发工资，就能让国际范围内的工资支付更快捷，成本也更低。但是还有一种形式叫 “私人区块链” 也叫 “许可区块链（permissionedblockchains）”，其发展前景也同样很有吸引力。

The block chain is the new popular word for 2016. The largest and most secure public block chain is the sector chain used by Bitcoin, which currently has a market value of about $6.4 billion.

从本质上来说，区块链只是一种用不可变的形式来存储数字信息的方法。从企业的 it 战略层面上来说，区块链在概念上与关系数据库很类似。大约三十多年前，关系数据库取代了大型机（又叫非关系型数据库）的主导地位。而到了 2010年 前后，非关系型数据库又开始反过来抢占关系数据库的利基市场。

In essence, the block chain is a way of storing digital information in an immutable form. At the strategic level of an enterprise, the block chain is conceptually similar to the relationship database.

区块链中的 “区块” 用密码链接在一起，这样就不可能再通过修改以前的数据来 “做假账”。新产生的内容由所有参与维护这一区块链的所有系统共同审核，只要有足够的系统承认这个新内容，它就成为了一个新区块。

The “block” in the block chain is linked by password, so that it is no longer possible to “false accounts” by modifying the previous data. The newly generated content is reviewed jointly by all systems involved in maintaining the block chain, and it becomes a new block as long as there is sufficient system to recognize the new content.

bitwage 公司的运作很顺利，随着公司日趋成熟，我有必要花点时间来研究这个领域下一步将会如何发展。有很多金融服务公司对区块链支付感兴趣，但同样也有很多应用是无须公众参与的不可变公共区块链。

Bitwage works well, and as the company matures, I need to take some time to study how the next step in this area will be. There are many financial service companies interested in block payment, but there are also many applications that are immutable public block chains that do not require public participation.

“虽然私有区块链受到许可权的限制，但仍然是去中心化的，也没有单一的权威。使用区块链可以在合作伙伴之间建立信任，从而无需或减少使用票据结算。各个公司可以创造不同的资产，指定交易速度，提出保密要求，决定谁可以参与区块链。通过同一联盟成员之间进行共享，私有企业区块链可在合作伙伴之间建立信任并提高效率。但公司会想要去掉一些比特币的包袱，比如说，挖矿所导致的高能耗。私有区块链可以根据企业及其合作伙伴的具体案例来量身定制。通过相互模仿，内部网的发展会促进公共网络发展，反之亦然。”

“Notwithstanding that the private block chain is restricted by licensing rights, it is still decentralized and has no single authority. The use of the block chain can build trust among partners, thus eliminating or reducing the need for paper settlements. Companies can create different assets, specify the speed of transactions, make confidentiality requirements, and decide who can participate in the block chain. By sharing among members of the same coalition, the private business block chain can build trust and improve efficiency among partners. But companies will want to remove some of the bitcoin's burden, for example, the high energy consumption caused by mining. The private block chain can be tailored to the specific case of the enterprise and its partners.

利用透明机制来建立信任并提高效率，这一点无论是对公共区块链还是对私有区块链似乎都是关键所在。共享网络的合作伙伴之间分享信息的过程，甚至各分公司之间共享信息的过程都极其效率低下，需要中介机构来保证数据的合法性。区块链技术的创新在于它能够把互不相干的机构联系起来。众多企业正在研究的应用案例包括简化对账程序、提高网络安全性以及工作流程自动化。

The process of sharing information between the partners sharing the network, and even between the branches, is extremely inefficient and requires intermediaries to guarantee the legitimacy of the data. The innovation in block-chain technology lies in its ability to link unrelated institutions.

许多创业公司在运用私有区块链创建具体应用案例方面取得了相当的成功。

Many start-up companies have been quite successful in using private block chains to create concrete applications.

分布式账本初创公司 r3cev 建立了一个有 42 家金融机构参与的金融联盟，研究并实施区块链技术解决方案。早前巴克莱银行、瑞士信贷银行和高盛投资集团已经加入了金融联盟，最近美国合众银行与丹麦银行也加入了这个联盟。

The distribution books start-up company r3cev has set up a financial union involving 42 financial institutions to study and implement block-chain technical solutions. The Bank of Barclays, the Swiss Credit Bank, and the Goldman Sachs Investment Group have joined the financial union, and recently the United States Bank and the Danish Bank.

r3cev 认为通过三项服务可以解决金融联盟成员的需求。第一项服务是创建技术基础层结构，并计划在上面构建各种的应用案例和私有区块链。第二项服务是全球协作实验室，从本质上来说这是一个高度技术个性化的 sandbox，参与者要通过严苛的业务流程，包括申请、测试和分析三个阶段。第三项服务是根据全球协作实验室发现的成功应用案例，在基础技术结构层上建立商业应用模式。

R3cev argues that the needs of the members of the financial union can be addressed through three services. The first is the creation of technological infrastructure, on which various applications and private block chains are planned. The second is a global collaborative laboratory, which is in essence a highly technologically individualized sandbox, with participants engaged in rigorous business processes, including three stages of application, testing and analysis. The third is the establishment of a business application model on the basis of successful applications discovered by a global collaborative laboratory.

charleycooper 是 r3cev 的总经理，之前担任过美国商品期货交易委员会的首席运营官。虽然目前市面上还没有私有区块链技术，但 charley cooper 解释说，贸易金融领域有几个应用案例已经得到了金融联盟成员的认可，正在积极将其转化为商业应用。

Charleycooper, the general manager of r3cev, was formerly the chief operator of the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Although there is currently no private block chain technology on the market, charley cooper explains that several applications in the area of trade finance have been endorsed by members of the financial union and are actively turning them into commercial applications.

另外还有一些公司致力于开发私有区块链在非金融领域的应用。gem 公司同时为私有区块链和公共区块链开发中间件，它对医疗领域很感兴趣。emilyvaugh 是 gem 公司的市场总监，他说：

There are also companies that work to develop private block chains for non-financial applications. Gem also develops intermediates for private block chains and public block chains, and it is interested in the medical field. emilyvaugh is the market director of gem, who says:

“bmc healthservices 杂志的一项研究表明，由于医疗收费系统过于复杂，每年浪费的金额高达 3,750 亿美元之多。虽然对医疗收费系统造成影响的某些因素是无法避免的，但如果保险公司、医院收费部门、贷款方以及患者都使用同一个区块链来管理支付，既能够保护患者的隐私，又能够提高医疗收费过程的效率。此外，在保护患者隐私和网络安全的基础上，运用区块链网络管理电子病历能提高医疗服务的透明度和效率。区块链技术的身份认证结构错综复杂，由此产生的数据完整性和分布式安全模式能减少整个医疗行业的人员冗余和盗窃现象。”

A study by the bmc healthservices magazine shows that, due to the complexity of the medical fee system, the amount wasted annually is as high as $375 billion. While some of the factors affecting the medical fee system are inevitable, if insurance companies, hospital charge departments, lenders, and patients all use the same block chain to manage payments, it can both protect patients' privacy and improve the efficiency of the medical charge process. Moreover, the management of electronic medical records using a block-chain network, based on the protection of patients' privacy and safety of the network, enhances the transparency and efficiency of medical services.

因为需要遵守《医疗电子交换法案（hippa）》，医疗保健领域面临着重重困难，但是鉴于每年因为效率低下而造成的浪费数以千亿，实行区块链解决方案不是 “要不要” 的问题，而是 “什么时候” 的问题。

There are difficulties in the area of health care because of the need to comply with the Health Electronic Exchange (Hippa) Act, but, given the hundreds of billions of dollars that are wasted each year because of inefficiency, the implementation of block-chain solutions is not a question of whether or not, but of when.

尽管有许多企业家对于用私有区块链替代公共区块链的想法感兴趣，可一旦涉及到不同法律实体之间的资产结算问题，私有区块链似乎仍然举步维艰。私有区块链已经能够解决透明度问题，但这些系统仍然还在寻找改进结算机制的方法。

While many entrepreneurs are interested in the idea of replacing the public block chain with a private block chain, the private block chain still seems to be difficult when it comes to asset settlements between different legal entities. The private block chain has been able to solve transparency problems, but these systems are still looking for ways to improve the settlement mechanism.

举个例子，在美国，仍然是用纸质产权证来代表汽车所有权。如果在区块链上将产权数字化，再向车主发放数字产权令牌，这一过程将变得高效，而且还可以打击造假行为。但如果我把我的数字产权令牌发给你，就出现了结算问题，因为纸质产权证仍然在我的手中，那么这种情况下汽车到底是谁的呢? 这是一个法律问题，因而也是一个政治问题，超出了技术解决的能力范围。若是在同一个国家之内，这个问题还有可能解决，但是若问题超出国界成为跨国资产结算，这就需要国际政治及法律合作才能解决。

For example, in the United States, a paper title certificate is still used to represent car ownership. The process would be efficient if property rights were digitized on the block chain and digital titles were issued to car owners, which could also be countered.

使用比特币的公共区块链进行跨国支付时，由于其数字令牌本身也是有价值的，因此这是一个直接支付体系。这和汽车产权数字令牌的情况不一样，比特币数字令牌的价值是纯数字化的，投资购买比特币的区块链就会产生一个真正的价值交易，将价值从一个媒介转换到了另一个媒介，再转移数字令牌的时候，接收人就接收到了真正的价值，而不是价值的代表。这就是即时结算。

In the case of cross-border payments using the Bitcoin public block chain, it is a direct payment system because it is also valuable in itself. This is not the case with car title numbers, where the value of the Bitcoin digital chain is purely digitized, and the investment in the Bitcoin block chain leads to a real value transaction that shifts the value from one medium to another, and then transfers the digital token, the recipient receives the real value, not the representative of the value. That is, instantaneous settlement.

也许你正在酝酿成立自己的创业公司，希望能够使用区块链技术填补这一市场空白。你会使用私有区块链还是公共区块链? 这里有几个简单的规则：公共区块链针对的是面向应用的用户，已经正式有了一个可信任第三方。私有区块链针对的是单一实体内的用户，或者在同一个行业联盟内的用户，他们彼此之间需要透明，但没必要对公众透明。不要被相互矛盾的区块链协议弄昏了头脑。鉴于人们对这一领域的狂热激情，目前的性能和安全问题是暂时的。区块链技术和二十世纪九十年代的客户端—服务器计算系统一样，也会有成长的痛苦，但是即将风暴般席卷全球。

There are a few simple rules: the public block chain is for applications-oriented users, and there is already a formal third party that can be trusted. The private block chain is for users within a single entity, or in the same industry union, who need to be transparent to each other, but not to the public.

区块链上的共识机制

Consensus-building mechanism on the block chain

发现区块链技术到底会给企业级的信息技术公司带来什么好处。有一大部分让我们帮忙的工程和区块链半点关系都没有。受到大家追捧的区块链也不是万能的，下面为大家介绍区块链适合用在什么地方。另外比特币行情走势比较稳定了，1.数据库 database 我们来说第一个准则。区块链是为共享数据库服务的技术。所以你一开始就需要知道为什么你用数据库，这一种结构性的信息。可以是传统的关系型数据库，包括一个或几个表格一样的数据库表。或者可以是最近流行的nosql，更像文件系统或者字典。（理论上讲，nosql是关系型数据库的子集）

Discovering the benefits of block chain technology for business-level information technology companies. There's a lot of engineering that we can help with, and there's no half-point in the block chain. The chain of blocks that you're looking for is not all-powerful. Here you can tell where the chain of blocks is. There's a more stable picture of bitcoin, 1. Databank, we're talking about the first standard. The block chain is a technology for sharing databases. So you need to know why you use databases, a structural kind of information at the outset. It can be a traditional relationship-type database, including a database table or tables. It can be a recently popular nosql, more like a document system or dictionary. (In theory, nosql is a subset of relationship-type databases.)

金融资产的总账可以被自然地表达成一个数据库表，其中每行表示一个被某个特定的实体拥有的一种资产类型。每行又有三列：（1）拥有者的个人标识比如账号（2）资产类别的标识比如“usd”或者”aapl”（3）被拥有的资产的数量

The general account of financial assets can be entered into a database table on the natural surface, in which each line indicates the type of asset owned by a particular entity. There are three further columns in each row: (1) the personal identification of the owner, such as account number (2), the identification of the asset class, such as “usd” or “aaapl” (3) the number of assets owned.

2.多个输入者 multiple writers 这个比较简单。区块链是一个支持多个输入者的技术。换句话说，必须有多于一个实体来产生更改数据库的交易。你知道这些输入者是谁吗? 3.信任的缺失 absence of trusts 第三个准则。如果多于一个实体对数据库输入，那么在这些实体间需要某种程度的不信任。换句话讲，区块链是一个基于数据库和多个不信任的输入者的技术。

2. Multiple inputors multiplegers are simpler. Block chains are a technology that supports multiple inputors. In other words, there must be more than one entity to generate a transaction to change the database. Do you know who these importers are? 3. Loss of trust absence of trust is the third guideline. If more than one entity enters the database, a degree of mistrust is needed among these entities. In other words, block chains are a technology based on databases and multiple non-trust importers.

说到不信任的时候我在说什么？我指的是一个用户不愿意别人修改自己“拥有”的数据库。类似的，当读取数据库的内容时，一个用户不会像接受“真理”一样接受另一个用户报告的数据，因为每个用户有自己的经济或政治的动机。4.去掉中介 所以这个问题，像之前定义的，是使一个数据库和多个不信任的输入者成为可能。已经有一个众所周知的解决方案：一个广受信任的中间人。这是一个每个输入者都相信的人，虽然他们不见得互相信任。其实，这个数据充满了这种性质的数据库，比如在银行里账户的总账。你的银行控制着数据库，保证每笔交易都是有效的，是被参与交易的客户授权了的。无论你费多大劲的请求，你的银行也永远不会让你直接更改数据库。

What am I saying when I say no trust? I mean a user who does not want to be modified by someone who owns a database. Similarly, when reading the contents of a database, a user does not accept data reported by another user as if it were “the truth” because each user had its own economic or political motives. 4. Remove the broker. So this question, as previously defined, is to make it possible for a database and multiple importers of mistrust. There is a well-known solution: a trusted broker. This is a person that every importer believes, even though they do not trust each other. In fact, this data is full of this nature, such as the total account in the bank. Your bank controls the database, ensuring that every transaction is valid and authorized by the client involved in the transaction. Your bank will never let you change the database directly, no matter how much you ask.

区块链取消了可信任的中间人，通过使得数据库可以被多个不可信任的输入者直接更改。没有一个中心的守门人需要校验交易和认证他们的来源。然而，交易的定义延伸包含了授权和可靠的证据。交易可以被每个节点单独的验证和处理，每个节点可以保存一份数据库。

Block chains remove trusted intermediaries by allowing the database to be changed directly by multiple untrusted importers. No central gatekeeper needs to verify the transaction and authenticate their source. However, the definition of the transaction extends to authorization and reliable evidence. The transaction can be verified and processed separately by each node, and a database can be maintained by each node.

但是你需要问的问题是：你是想要还是真的需要去掉中间人？根据你的使用场景，有一个中间实体维护授信的数据库和作为交易看门人真的有错吗？倾向于一个基于区块链的数据库而不是可信任的中间人的合理理由可能包括：成本更低，交易更快，自动调和，新的监管条例或者简单的找不到合适的中间人。5.交易互动 transaction interaction 所以区块链对有多个互不信任的输入者直接修改共享的数据库是适用的。但这还不够。区块链真正的闪光点在当被多个输入者创造出来的交易有交互的时候。

But the question you need to ask is: Do you want or do you really need to remove an intermediary? Is it really wrong, according to your use scene, that there is an intermediary entity that maintains a trusted database and acts as a gatekeeper for the transaction? Reasonable reasons for favouring a block-based database rather than a trusted broker might include: lower costs, faster transactions, automatic reconciliation, new regulations, or simple failure to find a suitable broker.

我说交互的时候指的是什么？往全了说，这指被不同的输入者创造的交易是互相关联的。比方说，小红给了小明一笔钱，小明给了小李一笔钱。这种情况下，小明的交易取决于小红的交易，同时我们无法验证小明的交易除非先查看小红的。正因为这种关联性，这些交易自然的属于同一个共享的数据库。

What do I mean when I say interactively? It means that transactions created by different importers are interconnected. For example, Siu Hong gives Ming a sum of money and Ming a sum of money to Li. In this case, Ming's transactions depend on Siu Hong's transactions, and we cannot verify Ming's transactions unless we look at Siu Hong first. Because of their relevance, they naturally belong to the same shared database.

再往深一层说，区块链一个不错的特征是多个输入者可以互相协作的创造交易，每一方都没有风险。这就使得区块链不需要中间人，来打到每方必须实现自己的义务交易才能发生的情形。

At a deeper level, a good feature of the block chain is that multiple importers can work together to create transactions without risk to each other. This leaves the block chain without the need for an intermediary to reach a situation where each party has to meet its obligations.

还有一个弱一点的应用是不同独立的输入者互相有关系的情形。一个例子是一个不同实体验证客户不同方面的个人身份的身份数据库。虽然每一个验证证书是单独的，但是区块链提供了一个把所有东西整合在一起的方法。6.制定规则

There is also a weak application where different independent importers are related to each other. One example is a database of identities of different entities that verify different aspects of the client’s identity. While each certificate is separate, the block chain provides a way to integrate everything.

这不是一个独立的条件，但是是之前论证的自然结果。如果数据库可以被多个输入者同时修改，这些输入者并不全部互相相信，那么这个数据库必须有内置的规则限定交易的运行。这些规则从根本上讲不同于传统数据库的约束，因为他们和变换的合法性有关，而不是与数据库某个特定时间的状态有关。每笔交易都会被网络里的每个节点用这些规则检查，检查失败的将会被拒绝，不会传下去。

This is not an independent condition, but a natural result of the argument. If the database can be modified by multiple importers at the same time, and not all of them trust each other, the database must have built-in rules that limit the operation of the transaction. These rules are fundamentally different from those of the traditional database, because they relate to the legitimacy of the change rather than to the status of the database at a given time.

资产总账包括了这种规则的简单例子，来避免交易无中生有的创造资产。这个规则说总账里各种资产的数量必须在交易前和交易后保持一致。7.选择你的验证者

The general ledger includes a simple example of such a rule to avoid the creation of assets that are inherent in a transaction. The rule says that the number of assets in the general ledger must be consistent before and after the transaction.

到现在我们描述了一个交易可以在多个地方发起的分布式数据库，在节点中用点对点的方式传播，被每个节点单独验证。那么区块链从何而来？嗯，区块链的任务是有权威的最终的交易日志，这个日志的内容所有的节点都可证明的认同。

So far, we have described a distributed database where a transaction can be launched in multiple locations, disseminated in a point-to-point manner in the nodes, and validated separately by each node. So where does the block chain come from? Well, the block chain has the task of having an authoritative final transaction log, and all the nodes of the content of this log can be identified.

我们为什么需要这个日志？首先，它使得新添加的节点可以从零开始计算这个数据库的内容，而不需要信任其他节点。其次，它解决了一些节点丢失掉交易的可能性，因为系统的瘫痪或者信息交流的短路。如果没有交易日志，这会导致一个节点的数据库和其他节点的有出入，这就有损共享数据库的意义。

Why do we need this log? First, it makes it possible to calculate the contents of the database from scratch without trusting other nodes. Second, it addresses the possibility of missing some nodes because of system paralysis or information exchange short circuits. In the absence of a transaction log, this leads to discrepancies between a node database and other nodes, which undermines the value of sharing databases.

第三，两个交易是有可能有冲突的，导致只有一个可以被接受。经典案例是”一个资产两次成功消费”，这种情况下同一个资产发给了两个不同的接受者。在没有中央权威的点对点数据库中，节点对接受哪个交易是有不同意见的，因为没有客观的正确答案。通过交易在区块链中被“确认”，我们保证了所有的节点达成一致的选择。

Third, two transactions are potentially conflicting, leading to only one acceptable. The classic case is that “one asset is successfully consumed twice”, in which case the same asset is given to two different recipients. In a database of point-to-points without central authority, nodes differ as to which transaction to accept, because there is no objective correct answer.

最后，在以太坊类型的区块链中，精确的交易顺序是非常关键的，因为每一笔交易都会影响到接下来的交易会发生什么。这种情形区块链将定义权威的事情发生的顺序，没有这个交易不能被处理。

Finally, the exact order of transactions is crucial in the Tails-type block chain, because each transaction affects what happens next. In such a case, the block chain defines the order in which the matter of authority occurs, without which the transaction cannot be processed.

区块链从字面上看就是一个区块的链条，在这个链条里每一个区块包括了一群被确认的交易的集合。但谁负责选择进入每个区块的交易呢？在适合企业应用的“私有链”中，答案是一群固定的验证者（“矿工”）来把它们创造出的区块进行数字签名。这个白名单将和某种形式的分布式可达成一致的方案结合起来，避免少数的验证者控制这个区块链。比如说，多链用了一种叫做“采矿多样性”的方案，这个方案里被允许的矿工将循环的工作，同时对不行使职责的节点给予一定程度的容忍。

The blocks chain is literally a chain of blocks, in which each block includes a collection of confirmed transactions. But who chooses to enter each block? In a “private chain” suitable for business applications, the answer is to sign digitally the blocks that they create (“miners”). The white list combines with some form of formula that can be agreed and avoids the control of the chain by a few. For example, multiple chains use an option called “mining diversity”, in which permitted miners will cycle their work, while at the same time providing a degree of tolerance for non-performance.

不管使用哪种达成一致的方案，负责检验的节点都比传统中心化数据库的拥有者有少太多的权利。检验者不能伪造交易，也不能违背规则修改数据库。在资产总账中，这意味着他们不能花别人的钱，也不能改变资产的总量。但是即使如此检验者还是有两种方法来影响数据库的内容： 交易审查：如果足够多的验证者恶意串通，他们可以阻止特定的交易在区块链中被确认，使得这个交易永远的打入冷宫。

Regardless of which agreed formulas are used, the nodes responsible for testing have far less rights than the owners of traditional centralized databases. Testers cannot falsify transactions or modify databases against the rules. In the asset ledger, this means that they cannot spend other people’s money or change the total amount of assets.

偏好性。如果两个交易起了冲突，创造下一个区块的检验者将决定哪个交易被确认，另一个就被拒绝。公平的选择是第一个被看到的交易，但是检验者可以根据其他因素做选择，而不显露出谁先来后到这一点。

Preference. If two transactions conflict, the tester who creates the next block will decide which transaction will be confirmed and the other will be rejected. The fair choice is the first transaction to be seen, but the tester can make a choice based on other factors, without revealing who comes first.

因为这些问题，在部署一个基于区块链的数据库时，你需要清醒的认识到谁是你的验证者和你为什么相信他们。根据场景的不同，验证者可以被选择成为：（1）一个或多个被一个组织控制的节点（2）一个维护区块链的一群核心组织（3）网络上的每个节点 8.为你的资产背书

Because of these problems, when deploying a database based on the block chain, you need to be conscious of who your certifier is and why you believe in them. Depending on the scenario, the certifier can be selected to be: (1) one or more nodes controlled by an organization (2) a core group of organizations that maintain the block chain (3) each of your assets.

如果你已经看到这了，你们会注意到我倾向于将描述为共享的数据库，而不是通常上讲的”共享的总账”。为什么呢？因为区块链作为一个技术，可以被用于解决比追踪资产所有权更广阔的问题。任何一个有多个互不信任的输入者的数据库都可以基于区块链搭建，而不需要一个中心化的中间人。例子有共享的日历，维基百科形式的合作和讨论论坛。

If you have seen this, you will notice that I prefer to describe it as a shared database, rather than the commonly referred to "shared ledger." Why? Because block chains, as a technology, can be used to solve a broader problem than to track asset ownership. Any database with multiple trusted importers can be built on a block chain without a central intermediary. Examples are shared calendars, Wikipedia-style cooperation and discussion forums.

话说回来，目前似乎主要是那些追踪金融资产的流动和交易的人对区块链感兴趣。我能想到两个原因：（1）金融业在回应（回想起来，非常小的）类似比特币这样的虚拟货币的威胁。（2）一个资产总账是一个被多个互不信任的实体创造的互相影响的交易共享数据库，这是区块链技术是最简单和自然的应用。

In other words, it seems that it is mainly those who track the movements and transactions of financial assets who are interested in block chains. I can think of two reasons: (1) the financial industry is responding to the threat of virtual currency such as Bitcoin (in retrospect, very small). (2) An asset ledger is an interactive transaction-sharing database created by multiple non-trusted entities, which is the simplest and most natural application of block chain technology.

如果你确实想用区块链作为资产总账，你需要回答下一个更重要的问题：流动中的资产的本性是什么？我这么说不是表示现金啊债券啊提货单啊，虽然这些也很重要。问题却是：谁是在区块链上代表资产背后的人？如果数据库上说我有十个单位的什么东西，谁将允许我在现实世界中对那十个单位的东西宣示主权？我应该把谁告上法庭如果我不能将在区块链上声明的资产转换成传统的可见的资产？

If you really want to use the block chain as the asset ledger, you need to answer the next more important question: What is the nature of the asset in circulation? I'm not saying this is cash, bonds, bills of lading, but it's also important. The question is: Who represents the person behind the asset on the block chain? If I have 10 units on the database, who will allow me to claim sovereignty over those 10 units in the real world? Who should I go to court if I cannot convert the assets declared on the block chain into traditional visible assets?

当然，这个答案对不同的场景将不同。对货币资产来说，你可以想象监管的银行接受现金，然后为存款人在一个区块链技术下的分布式总账里面加钱。在贸易金融中，信用证和提货单将会被相应的进口商的银行和船运公司来背书。未来，我们可以想象一个一级市场的公司债券直接在区块链上发现来融资的时代的到来。

In trade finance, letters of credit and bills of lading will be endorsed by the banks and shipping companies of the respective importers. In the future, we can imagine the time when corporate bonds in a level-I market are discovered directly on a block chain to finance.

2、区块链的工作原理

2. Rationale for the work of the block chain

为什么会有区块链的创新？

Why is there an innovation in the chain of blocks?

第一代互联网的起点是tcp/ip协议，就是执行一个网络上所有节点统一格式对等传输信息的开放代码。但是这样一个并不复杂的创新对于人类的影响是划时代的，她把全球统一市场所需要的基本价值观：“自由、平等、博爱”，给程序化、协议化、可执行化了。进而派生出stmp邮件协议、http域名协议等，去中心化的实现了全球信息传递的低成本高效率。正如阿里巴巴副总裁高红冰所说：

The starting point for the first generation of the Internet is the tcp/ip protocol, which is to implement an open code for the reciprocal transmission of information in a uniform format for all nodes on the network. But the impact of such a non-complicated innovation on humans is landmark, and she uses the fundamental values of a globally unified market: “freedom, equality, fraternity” to be proceduralized, protocold, executable.

“互联网就是消灭那个价值很低、成本很高的（信息）供应链——它开放、互联、对等、全球化、去中心化。”

“The Internet is the elimination of a very low-value and costly supply chain — open, interconnected, reciprocal, globalized, decentralized.”

我们知道：市场的本质也是去中心化的，她自动执行也就是“等价交换”的去中心化协议，就像诺贝尔奖金获得者罗纳德?科斯总结的：“市场经济建立在两个深厚的认知基础上：承认无知和包容不确定性。”亚当?斯密也形容市场是：“看不见的手”！因此，市场一定需要信息去中心化的低成本流动，互联网正是适应了全球统一市场形成的大气候下，横空出世了。

We know that the nature of the market is also decentralized, and that she automatically implements the decentralized agreement, the “equivalency exchange”, as the Nobel laureate Ronald Cos concluded: “The market economy is based on two deep perceptions: recognition of ignorance and inclusion of uncertainty.” Adam? Smee also describes the market as “invisible hands.” Thus, the market must have low-cost flows of information that are centralized, and the Internet adapts to the climate created by the global integrated market, which is now empty.

但是，第一代互联网去中心化的解决了信息的低成本高效率传输的问题，她没有解决信息的信用问题。因此，第二代互联网必须突破的是：怎样去中心化的建立全球信用？让价值传递也低成本高效率进行。

But the first generation of Internet decentralisation solves the problem of low-cost and efficient transmission of information, and she does not solve the problem of credit for information. So the second generation of Internet must break through: how to centralize the creation of global credit?

那么原来的中心化信用体系有什么问题呢？众所周知：中心化的信用，如各国法币，信用价值不同，清算体系也各不兼容，给全球贸易增加了很大成本。目前以美元为中心的全球信用体系，在机制上存在“特里芬悖论”（实质就是一国法币无法同时兼顾解决本国经济利益和全球经济需要的冲突），因此2009年中国央行行长周小川呼吁超主权存储货币的产生，同年，中本聪在网上公开了第一代区块链源代码————“比特币”。

What is the problem with the original centralized credit system? It is well known that centralized credit, such as national French coins, different credit values, and incompatible liquidation systems, cost a lot to global trade. The current dollar-centred global credit system has a “Triffin paradox” (the essence of which is that a country’s French currency is unable to reconcile its economic interests with the needs of the global economy at the same time), so in 2009 the Central Bank of China, Governor Zhou Xiaochuan, called for the creation of an ultra-sovereign storage currency, and in the same year, China made public its first-generation chain source code — the “bitcoin” — online.

区块链系统是怎样运行的？

How does the block chain system work?

首先，中本聪很清楚建立一个支付系统的信用必须解决防止“重复支付”问题，也就是不能造假币。中心化的信用系统是靠国家机器防止造假币。“比特币”怎么办呢？中本聪的伟大创新是给每一笔交易“盖时间戳”（timestamp）。每十分钟一个区块（block：相当于网络账簿），把这十分钟的全网交易都正确的盖上时间戳。问题是谁来盖呢？中本聪并没有假设互联网上都是雷锋，他同意亚当.斯密的观点：市场上的人是贪婪的。他让所谓自称“矿工”的人去竞争这十分钟一个区块的记账权，竞争的规则就是正确记账的同时要去解sha256难题，谁能证明自己的计算机算力最快（所谓proof of work 机制），ta就能竞争到这十分钟区块的合法记账权，并得到二十五个比特币的奖励。这就是所谓俗称的“挖矿”过程，实际是建立一个全网总账——区块链的去中心化信用过程，所以矿工更本质的职能是“记账员”！

First of all, it is clear to China that the credit for establishing a payment system must solve the problem of preventing “repeated payments” – that is, not counterfeit currency. Centralized credit systems are based on state machines to prevent counterfeit currency. What about “bitcoin?” The great innovation in China is to give each transaction a “time stamp” (time stamp). Every ten minutes a block (block: the equivalent of a webbook), with the right time stamp on the entire Internet. The question is who's going to cover this ten-minute deal.

中本聪在其比特币白皮书中，比较详尽的叙述了这个信用系统建立的过程：

In its White Paper on Bitcoin, Nakamoto described in some detail the process of establishing the credit system:

第一步：每一笔交易为了让全网承认有效，必须广播给每个节点（node：也就是矿工）；

First step: in order for each transaction to be recognized as valid by the Internet, it must be broadcast to each node (node: or miner);

第二步：每个矿工节点要正确无误的给这十分钟的每一笔交易盖上时间戳并记入那个区块（block）；

Step 2: Each miner node is correctly stamped with a time stamp on each transaction for 10 minutes and recorded in the block (block);

第三步：每个矿工节点要通过解sha256难题去竞争这个十分钟区块的合法记账权，并争取得到二十五个比特币的奖励（头四年是每十分钟五十个比特币，每四年递减一半）；

Step 3: Each miner's node is to compete for the legal rights to account for this ten-minute block by resolving the sha256 challenge and to obtain 25 bitcoin awards (50 bitcoins per ten-minute period in the first four years and one half every four years);

第四步：如果一个矿工节点解开了这十分钟的sha256难题，ta将向全网公布ta这十分钟区块记录的所有盖时间戳交易，并由全网其他矿工节点核对；

Step 4: If a miner node solves the ten-minute sha256 problem, the ta will disclose all the time stamp transactions recorded in this ten-minute block to the whole network and will be checked by other mine nodes across the network;

第五步：全网其他矿工节点核对该区块记账的正确性（因为他们同时也在盖时间戳记账，只是没有竞争到合法区块记账权，因此无奖励），没有错误后他们将在该合法区块之后竞争下一个区块，这样就形成了一个合法记账的区块单链，也就是比特币支付系统的总账——区块链。

Step 5: The rest of the miners'nodes across the network check the correctness of the block's bookkeeping (because they are also stamping the account at the same time, there is no right to keep the account of the legal block and there is no incentive), and they will compete for the next block after the legal block, without error, thus forming a single chain of legally recorded blocks, i.e., the master account of the Bitcoin payment system - the block chain.

一般来说，每一笔交易，必须经过六次区块确认，也就是六个十分钟记账，才能最终在区块链上被承认合法交易。以下是比特币的记账格式：

As a rule, each transaction must be confirmed by six blocks, that is, six minutes before it can be finally recognized as a legal transaction on the block chain.

所以所谓“比特币”，就是这样一个账单系统：它包括所有者用私钥进行电子签名并支付给下一个所有者，然后由全网的“矿工”盖时间戳记账，形成区块链。

So the so-called “bitcoin” is one such billing system: it includes the owner's electronic signature with a private key and payment to the next owner, and then the Internet-wide “miners” stamp time to form a block chain.

比特币的区块链金融有哪些创新？

What are the innovations in Bitcoin’s block chain finance?

.类黄金化，尝试建立全球互联网去中心化信用，有可能让价值在全网高速低费率的流转（目前每笔转转费率是万分之一）；

...the gold class, which attempts to establish a global Internet decentralisation credit, has the potential to allow a high-speed flow of low rates of value across the Internet (currently one in 10,000 per turn rate);

.货币总量由密码学协议约定；.比之于黄金，数字货币无限可分；

The sum of the currency is agreed upon by the cryptology agreement;... the digital currency may be divided indefinitely as compared to the gold;

.货币价值可以建立在大量的p2p交易之上；

...the monetary value may be based on a large number of p2p transactions;

.财务管理的完全透明（每笔交易都能在区块链上查到）。

Full transparency in financial management (each transaction can be traced on the block chain).

比特币的区块链全网记账，在全球互联网上最高建立了市值100亿美元的市值。因此，清华五道口金融学院院长吴晓灵点睛指出：区块链实验建立了分布式信用，是互联网tcp/ip的升级版，是从信息传递升级到价值传递；

Bitcoin’s block chain is posted online, with the highest market value of $10 billion on the global Internet. As a result, Wu Xiaoling, Director of the Qinghua Five-Dot Finance Institute, pointed out: The block chain experiment created distributed credit, an upgraded version of the Internet tcp/ip, from information to value transfer;

比特币的区块链系统有哪些内在缺陷？

What are the inherent flaws in Bitcoin's block chain system?

比特币的区块链系统自2009年在互联网上开源运行以来，有成功的地方，但也显示出一些难以克服的内在缺陷：

The Bitcoin block chain system has been successful since it opened up on the Internet in 2009, but has also revealed some inherent deficiencies that are difficult to overcome:

.总量不能随着市场的情况变化，必然暴涨暴跌；

. Totals do not have to rise or fall as market conditions change;

.挖矿的高碳，只有不到1%的矿工能够竞争到没十分钟区块的记账权，其他参与竞争的99%以上的矿工算力浪费；

...the high carbon of mining, with less than 1 per cent of miners able to compete for less than 10 minutes of block bookkeeping, and more than 99 per cent of other miners involved in the competition being wasted in arithmetic;

.每年10%左右的通货膨胀大大增加了比特币金融生态的成本，甚至威胁到她的生存；.作为去中心化自组织dac系统，记账和发行功能部分运行成本过高。

Inflation of around 10 per cent per year significantly increases the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecology and even threatens her survival;... as a decentralised self-organised dac system, the operating costs of the billing and distribution function are too high.

.作为全球支付系统，效率远远达不到全球贸易的实际要求。比特币网络每秒目前最多确认7笔交易，对比之下，visa的网络系统每秒最快可处理10,000笔交易，支付宝的记录是2014光棍节每秒钟80,000笔！

As a global payment system, efficiency is far from meeting the actual requirements of global trade. The Bitcoin network currently identifies up to seven transactions per second. By contrast, Visa’s network system handles 10,000 transactions per second as quickly as possible, and payment treasures are recorded at 80,000 transactions per second for the 2014 Light Stick Day!

区块链技术2.0的发展：

Development of block chain technology 2.0:

作为区块链的2.0升级发展，首先聚焦在解决比特币记账的挖矿高碳上： 在我们讨论怎么克服比特币挖矿记账高碳时，清华经济学研究所的刘涛雄教授指出，挖矿靠算力竞争，最后只有一家竞争到合法记账权，其他99%的矿工节点都白挖了，浪费了资源，显然不太合理，如果全网透明的知道下一家区块的合法记账权，随机的在全网产生，就免除了竞争记账的高碳！我们听后都大赞刘教授主意高明，因为现在比较成功的二代币nxt正是这种机制，他们的白皮书叫“透明锻造”，只是记账权花落谁家的概率是和每个矿工节点钱包的nxt代币持有量成正比，这个叫股权证明机制（proof of stock）。当然，这也引发了nxt把代币分发给早期投资开发者不公平的争论！

As we discussed how to overcome the high carbon in bitcoin mining, Professor Yoo Yoo Yoo of the Qinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining was based on arithmetic competition, with only one competing for legitimate bookkeeping, with 99% of the other miners digging for nothing, wasting resources and obviously not reasonable, and that if the net was transparent about the legitimate booking rights of the next block and randomly generated on the net, the high carbon in competition was eliminated. Professor Liu’s idea was well received, because now the more successful second generation nxt was such a mechanism, and their white paper called “transparent exercise”, but only the probability of recording who had the right to spend money was a positive comparison with the nxt token holding of each miner’s wallet, which was called the equity proof mechanism (proof of stock). Of course, it triggered an unfair debate that nxt distributed the coins to early investors!

ripple是一个区块链半去中心化的方案，利用“可信任网关”（trusted gateways）进行区块链记账，其信用是建立在这些网关不会同时作恶的共识记账（consensus ledger）协议上。

Ripple is a semi-centralized block chain programme that uses the Trusted Gateways to record block links, the credit of which is based on the Consensus ledger agreement that these gateways do not operate at the same time.

最有雄心的尝试是以太坊（ethereum）,她把区块链的技术和图灵完备结合起来，期望开发出一套未来满足各种区块链系统建设的基础性平台，可以支持各种信用货币、数字资产、智能协议甚至金融衍生品的开发.其系统设计是etherum平台统一区块链记账，为所有开发者共同使用，也许她们的正式版本能在不久地将来发布。

The most ambitious attempt was to combine the technology and tact of the block chain, which she expected to develop a basic platform that would meet the construction of future block chain systems that could support the development of various credit currencies, digital assets, smart agreements and even financial derivatives. The system was designed as a single block chain record for the ethrum platform, shared by all developers, and perhaps their official version could be released in the near future.

区块链的创新在其他领域的可能应用：

Possible applications of block chain innovations in other areas:

现在，区块链在建立去中心化信用的尝试，已经不限于金融界，而被社会各个领域关注，特别是在中国目前一些中心性信用如“红会”，处于“塌陷”态势，区块链更能为社会管理提供一种全新的思路和技术选项，以下是我们了解的一些新进展和相关讨论：

Now, the attempt to decentralize the block chain is no longer limited to the financial sector, but is of concern to all sectors of society, particularly in China, where some central credit, such as the “Red Society”, is “down” in a state of “downs”, and the block chain is more capable of providing a fresh idea and technical options for social management. The following are some of the new developments and related discussions that we are aware of:

.区块链和物联网结合，将数字资产和原子资产统一起来，抹平消费资产和现金资产的区别，扩展大众的信用，加速价值流通；（ibm-三星）

(ibm-three stars)

.区块链上建立知识产权保护系统，对知识产权的使用全网记账，建立全球广告市场；.区块链是否可以为一带一路的新兴经济体发行协议型密码学货币提供技术支撑；.区块链+云计算可以发展成去中心化的自媒体和社区系统；

...a system of intellectual property protection is established on the block chain to record the use of intellectual property rights on a web-wide basis and to establish a global advertising market;... whether the block chain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-type cryptographic currencies in emerging economies all along the way;......a chain of blocks plus cloud computing can be developed into decentralized self-media and community systems;

.区块链可以搭建去中心化的股权众筹体系，让创新项目提前进入流通领域；.区块链可以发展出全透明的财务管理系统；.区块链支持建立全球去中心化公司组织。

The block chain can provide a decentralized system of constituency-building that allows innovative projects to enter the circulation area ahead of schedule; the block chain can develop a fully transparent financial management system; and the block chain supports the establishment of a global decentralised corporate organization.

总之，在这个信用已经成为紧缺资源的时代，区块链的技术创新，作为一种分布式信用的模式，为全球市场的金融、社会管理、人才评价和去中心化组织建设等，都提供了一个广阔的发展前景。

In short, at a time when credit has become scarce in terms of resources, technological innovation in block chains, as a mode of distributed credit, provides a broad development perspective for global markets in terms of finance, social management, talent evaluation and de-centralized organization.

3、区块链的应用场景

3. The application of the block chain

作为一种分散式数字化货币，比特币能存在，完全有赖于一种所谓的区块链技术，这实际上是一种公共账簿，可通过数字化方式，安全、自动化地验证和记录大量交易。

As a decentralized digitized currency, Bitcoin exists and is entirely dependent on a so-called block chain technology, which is in fact a public book of accounts that can be digitally verified and recorded in a secure and automated manner for a large number of transactions.

企业家们已逐渐相信，使用这项技术，有望颠覆更多的行业。就使用一种分散式平台来验证和组织的交易而言，眼下商业界存在大量的使用场合。这种平台不需要集中监管，同时它又仍然可以抵御欺诈。

Entrepreneurs have come to believe that using this technology is likely to destabilize more industries. There are a lot of opportunities for business to use a decentralized platform for validating and organizing transactions.

下面是大大小小的公司正在努力利用区块链强大功能的几个方式。

Below are some of the ways in which companies, large and small, are trying to take advantage of the powerful function of the block chain.

1.银行

1. Banks

银行实际上充当价值的安全仓库和转账枢纽，而作为一种数字化、安全、防篡改的账簿，区块链可以实现同样的功能。的确，瑞士银行ubs和英国巴克莱银行都在试用区块链，以此加快后台功能和结算。银行业的一些人士甚至声称，区块链可以削减高达200亿美元的中间人费用。越来越多的金融服务巨头投资于区块链初创公司，银行参与其中，这也就不足为奇了。r3 cev这家公司已经吸引了50家银行，为金融行业开发支持区块链的自定义解决方案。

Indeed, Swiss banks ubs and British Barclays are testing block chains to speed up back-office functions and settlements. Some in the banking sector even claim that block chains can reduce intermediaries’ costs by up to $20 billion.

一家名为thought machine的组织已开发了vault os（见上图），使用类似区块链的私有技术和加密账簿，让任何年头或任何规模的银行都能够提供安全的端到端金融系统。

An organization called thought machine has developed vault os (see figure above) using private technologies and encrypt books similar to the block chain to enable banks of any age or size to provide a secure end-to-end financial system.

2.支付和转账

2. Payments and transfers

世界经济论坛在最近一篇论文中认为，分散式支付技术（比如比特币本身）有望彻底改变转账的“业务架构”。据《福布斯》上针对这篇论文的一篇文章声称，在过去的100多年，这种架构保持不变。有了区块链，就有可能绕过这些笨拙的系统，打造一种更直接的支付流程，连接付款和收款双方――可以跨国或在本国内实现，不需要中介，费用极低，几乎瞬间完成。abra（见上图）这家初创公司就在使用区块链技术，用于基于比特币或区块链的全球转账。

In a recent paper, the World Economic Forum has argued that decentralized payment techniques (such as Bitcoin itself) are expected to radically change the “business architecture” of transfers. According to an article in Forbes for this paper, this structure has remained unchanged for more than 100 years. With block chains, it is possible to bypass these clumsy systems, create a more direct payment process, connect payments and receipts - either across or within countries, without intermediaries, at minimal cost and almost instantaneously. Abra (see above) is a start-up company that uses block chain technology for global transfers based on bitcoin or block chains.

3.网络安全

3. Cybersecurity

虽然区块链的账簿是公共账簿，但数据通信是使用高级加密技术验证和发送的。这确保数据来自正确的源头，而且在此期间任何数据没有被截获。如果区块链技术得到更广泛的采用，黑客攻击的概率就会下降，因为区块链被认为比许多老式系统来得更可靠。它降低了常规的网络安全风险，一个办法就是不需要几乎所有人员中介。高盛写道：“由于不需要中间人，大大降低了从黑客攻击到篡改数据的潜在安全问题。”guardtime（见上图）是爱沙尼亚的一家初创公司，专注于使用基于区块链的方法来提供工业级网络安全。

Although the block chain books are public books, data communications are authenticated and sent using advanced encryption techniques. This ensures that the data are from the correct source and that no data are intercepted during this period. If block chain technology is adopted more widely, the probability of hacking will decline, because block chains are considered more reliable than many old systems. It reduces conventional cybersecurity risks, one way of doing so is not to require nearly all intermediaries.

4.学术记录和学术界

4. Academic records and academia

holbertson school是总部位于加州的软件技能项目，它宣布将使用区块链技术来验证学历证书。这将确保声称在holbertson school通过课程的学生没有擅用实际上没有获得的证书。如果更多的学校开始采用透明的学历证书、成绩单和文凭，就更容易对付这种欺诈行为，更不用说因避免手动检查和纸质文件而节省时间和成本了。

This will ensure that students who claim to have passed classes in holbertson school do not use certificates that are not actually obtained. If more schools begin to adopt transparent certificates, reports, and diplomas, it will be easier to deal with this fraud, let alone save time and cost by avoiding manual checks and paper-based documents.

5.投票

5. Voting

选举需要验证选民的身份，需要妥善记录以跟踪选票，还需要可信赖的计数员确定获胜方。区块链可充当投票、跟踪和计数选票的手段，那样根本不存在选民欺诈、记录丢失或弄虚作假的问题。由于投票作为区块链里面的交易，选民可以认同最终计数，因为他们可以亲自计数选票；又由于区块链的审计跟踪记录，他们可以核实没有选票被更改或删除，也没有添加任何非法选票。follow my vote正在kickstarter上搞众筹活动，帮助实现其宏伟目标：开发一种端到端的可核查的在线投票系统。

The ballot chain can be used as a means of voting, tracking and counting votes, and there is no question of voter fraud, loss of records, or falsification. As a result of voting as a transaction in the block chain, voters can agree to the final count, as they can count the ballot in person; and because of the audit trail in the block chain, they can verify that no ballot has been altered or deleted and no illegal ballot has been added.

6.汽车租赁和销售

6. Rental and sale of motor vehicles

去年年底，visa和docusign推出了一个合作项目，使用区块链建立了一个概念证明，简化汽车租赁，并将它变成“点击、签名和开车”的过程。潜在客户选择想要租赁的车子后，交易被录入到区块链的公共账簿上，然后，客户坐在驾驶座里，即可签署租赁协议和保单，同时更新区块链，添加该信息。不难想象：还会为汽车销售和汽车登记开发这种类型的流程。

At the end of last year, Visa and docusign launched a cooperative project using the block chain to create a conceptual proof to simplify car leasing and turn it into a "click, sign, and drive" process. When a potential client chooses the vehicle that he wants to rent, the transaction is entered into the public ledger of the block chain, then the client sits in the driver's seat, signing the lease agreement and the policy, while updating the block chain and adding the information. It is easy to imagine that this type of process will also be developed for the sale and registration of cars.

7.网络和物联网

Networking and material networking

ibm和三星一直致力于研发一种名为adept的概念，它采用类似区块链的技术，为分散式物联网设备网络构建骨干网。据coindesk声称，借助adept（全称“自主分散式对等遥测），区块链将为大量的设备充当公共账簿，这些设备不再需要中央枢纽来居中协调它们之间的通信。由于没有中央控制系统来识别对方，这些设备将能够独立自主地与对方进行联系，管理软件更新、软件错误或能源管理（图片来源：ibm）。

ibm and Samsung have been working on the development of a concept called adept, which uses technology similar to a block chain to construct a backbone network for a decentralized network of devices. According to Coindesk, the block chain will serve as a public ledger for a large amount of equipment that no longer requires central hubs to coordinate their communications. In the absence of a central control system to identify each other, the equipment will be able to communicate independently with each other and manage software upgrades, software errors or energy management (picture source: ibm).

其他公司也在考虑把区块链技术做入到物联网平台。比如说，filament近期筹集到500万美元的a轮资金，韦里逊创投公司（verizon ventures）和三星创投公司（samsung ventures）参与了融资活动。这家公司使用区块链（及其他技术）构建了一个分散式网络，以便传感器能够彼此联系。

Other companies are also considering using block chain technology as a feed-in platform. For example, filament recently raised $5 million in a round of funds, and Verizon ventures and Samsung ventures were involved in financing activities.

8.预测

8. Projections

区块链可能会重塑研究行业、分析行业、咨询行业和预测行业。在线众筹平台augur希望能充分利用分散式预测市场。这家公司表示，它会提供一项看似普通博彩交易所的服务。整个过程将是分散的，不仅让用户有地方下注于体育和股票，还可以下注于其他话题，比如选举和自然灾害。其想法是不仅仅局限于体育博彩，创立一个 “预测市场”。

Block chains may reshape the research industry, the analytical industry, the consulting industry, and the forecasting industry. The online public fund-raising platform augur wants to make full use of a decentralized forecast market. The company has indicated that it will provide a service that looks like a regular lottery exchange. The process will be fragmented, allowing users to place not only sports and stocks, but also other topics, such as elections and natural disasters.

9.在线音乐

9. Online music

许多音乐艺术家求助于区块链，以此让在线音乐共享更合理。biilboard声称，三家公司在帮助更加直接地付费给艺术家，并使用智能合同，自动解决许可问题，努力解决诸如此类的问题。peertracks仍在开发之中，它旨在提供一种音乐流播放平台，让用户可以欣赏音乐，并使用区块链，直接付费给艺术家，没有中间环节。该平台还希望在艺术家和顾客之间建立更直接的互动关系。

Many music artists turn to block chains to make the sharing of online music more rational. Biilboard claims that the three companies are helping to pay artists more directly, using smart contracts, automatically resolve licensing issues, and try to solve such problems. Peertracks are still under development to provide a music streaming platform where users can appreciate music and use block chains to pay artists directly, with no intermediate link. The platform also wants to establish a more direct interaction between artists and customers.

mycelia由获得格莱美奖的艺术家伊莫金·希普（imogen heap）创办，它开发内置智能合同的智能歌曲。这种支持区块链的合同让艺术家可以将歌曲直接卖给粉丝，无需通过唱片公司。

Mycelia, founded by imogen heap, a Grammy-winning artist, develops smart songs from built-in smart contracts. This block chain support contract allows artists to sell songs directly to fans without going through record companies.

ujo music（见上图）表示，它正在借助区块链，重新打造音乐行业，它是由企业家菲尔·巴里（phil barry）带头创办的。它也希望解决流媒体音乐和付费给艺术家的问题。除了流媒体外，ujo还设想以一种更好的方法编制目录，表明哪些歌曲背后是哪些艺术家和创作者，同样使用智能合同作为歌曲列表背后的自主大脑。

ujo music (see figure above) states that it is reshaping the music industry through block chains, spearheaded by an entrepreneur, Phil Barry. It also wants to solve the problem of streaming media music and paying for artists. In addition to streaming media, ujo also envisages a better way of cataloguing which artists and creators are behind which songs, and using smart contracts as an autonomous brain behind the list of songs.

10.拼车

10. Carpooling

uber之类的拼车应用程序似乎是分散机制的对立面――也就是说，一家公司充当调度中心，利用其算法来控制大群司机以及他们收取的费用。据彭博社报道，以色列初创公司la'zooz（见上图）想要走与“uber截然不同”的道路。它开发了自己的专有数字货币――就像比特币，这种货币使用区块链技术来实现数字化记录。不是采用集中式网络来叫车，人们使用la’zooz的方式是，找到出行路线相似的其他人，拿货币换取车费。然后，这些货币可用于将来拼车。用户赚取（或“挖掘”）这些货币的方式是，让应用程序可以跟踪其位置。

Carpooling applications such as uber appear to be antagonistic to the decentralized mechanisms - that is, a company that acts as a dispatch centre using its algorithms to control large groups of drivers and the fees they charge. According to Bloomberg, Israel’s start-up company, la'zooz (see above), wants to go on a path that is different from that of “uber.” It develops its own proprietary digital currency - like Bitcoin, which uses block-chain technology to digitalize records. Instead of using centralized networks to call cars, people use la’zoz to find other people with similar travel routes in exchange for money.

11.股票交易

11. Stock trading

多年来，许多公司在竭力简化购买、销售和交易股票的过程，新的面向区块链的初创公司认为，它们可以让这个过程实现自动化，并确保安全，比任何以往的解决方案都要来得高效。是overstock旗下的子公司，它希望使用区块链技术，能够在网上进行股票交易。《连线》杂志报道，overstock已经使用区块链来发行私募债券，而现在美国证券交易委员会（sec）发行公债。同时，区块链初创公司chain（下文提到）正与纳斯达克合作，通过区块链，支持私人公司的股票交易。

Over the years, many companies have been trying to simplify the process of purchasing, selling and trading shares, and new start-ups in block-oriented chains believe that they can automate the process and ensure its safety, more efficiently than any previous solution. It is an overstock subsidiary that wants to use block-chain technology to make stock deals online. The Wire magazine reports that overstock has used block chains to issue private bonds, and now the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (Sec) is issuing bonds.

12.房地产

12. Real estate

购买和销售房地产的痛点包括：交易过程中和交易后缺乏透明度，需要大量的文书工作，可能出现欺诈行为，以及公共记录存在错误，不一而足。区块链提供了一种方法，可以减少保存纸质记录的需要，并加快交易。房地产区块链应用软件有助于记录、跟踪和转让土地所有权、房契和留置权等，并有助于确保文档准确、可核查。ubitquity（见上图）为金融机构、产权调查公司和抵押贷款公司提供了一种平台，致力于确保文档安全，同时提高透明度，降低成本。这家公司的测试版将于2016年夏天发布。

The pains in purchasing and selling real estate include: lack of transparency in the course of and after transactions, the need for extensive paperwork, possible fraud, and errors in public records. Block chains provide a way to reduce the need to maintain paper records and speed transactions. Real estate block chain applications help record, track and transfer land ownership, deed and retention rights, etc., and help to ensure that documents are accurate and verifiable. ubitquity (see above) provides a platform for financial institutions, property survey companies and mortgage-lending companies to work to ensure document security while improving transparency and reducing costs.

13.保险

13. Insurance

airbnb、tujia、wimdu及其他公司为人们暂时以资产（包括私人住宅）换价值提供了一种方式。可问题是，在这些平台上给你的资产保险几乎是不可能的。专业服务公司德勤和支付服务提供商lemonway最近携手区块链初创公司stratumn（见上图），推出了一种名为lenderbot的支持区块链的解决方案。这是一种小额保险概念证明，面向共享经济，它证明了区块链应用软件和服务在这个行业的潜力。lenderbot让人们可以通过facebook messenger来聊天，从而参保可定制的小额保险。目的在于，给个人之间交换的高价值物品保险，区块链充当贷款合同中的第三方。

Airbnb, tujia, Wimdu and others offer a way for people to exchange their assets (including private homes) for value on a temporary basis. The problem is that it is almost impossible to insure your assets on these platforms.

14.医疗保健

14. Health care

医疗保健机构通常无力安全地共享平台上的数据。医疗保健机构之间更好的数据协作，意味着提高了准确诊断的几率，提高了的效治疗的可能性，以及总体上加强了医疗系统提供经济高效的医疗服务的能力。区块链让医院、付费方及医疗保健价值链的其他各方得以共享访问网络的机会，又不危及数据安全性和完整性。初创公司gem（见上图）推出了gem health network――它提供了支持区块链的以太坊（ethereum）平台，拥有多签名和多因子验证技术，旨在构建一种安全的通用数据基础设施。tierion是另一家区块链初创公司，它为医疗保健领域的数据存储和验证构建了一个平台。gem和tierion最近都与飞利浦医疗集团旗下的飞利浦区块链实验室进行了合作。

Health-care institutions are often unable to share data on platforms safely. Better data collaboration between health-care providers means improved chances of accurate diagnosis, improved possibilities for effective treatment, and, in general, the ability of the health-care system to deliver economically efficient medical services. The block chain allows hospitals, payers, and others in the health-care value chain to share access to networks without jeopardizing data security and integrity.

15.供应链管理

15. Supply chain management

区块链技术最普遍适用的方面之一就是，它支持更安全、更透明地监控交易。供应链基本上是一系列交易节点，互相链接起来，将产品从a点移到销售点或最终部署点。借助区块链，随着产品在整个供应链上易手、从生产环节进入到销售环节，交易可以被详细记录在永久的分散记录中――从而缩减时间延迟、减少增加成本和人为错误。这个行业已涌现出了几家区块链初创公司：provenance（见上图）在为材料和产品构建一个可追溯系统；fluent提供了一种向全球供应链放贷的非传统平台；skuchain为企业对企业贸易和供应链金融市场构建了基于区块链的产品。

One of the most commonly applied aspects of block chain technology is its support for safer and more transparent monitoring of transactions. The supply chain is basically a series of trading nodes, linked to one another, moving products from a point to point of sale or point of final deployment. With block chains, as products move across the supply chain, from production to point of sale, transactions can be recorded in detail in permanent decentralized records - thus reducing time delays, increasing costs and human error.

16.云存储

16. Cloud storage

提供云存储的企业常常将客户数据保存在集中式服务器上，这意味着加大了网络脆弱性，更容易受到黑客的攻击。区块链云存储解决方案让存储得以分散，因而不大容易受到引起系统性破坏和数据大范围丢失的攻击。storj（见上图）正在测试一种支持区块链的云存储网络，以改善将信息存储在云端的安全性，并降低交易成本。storj用户还可以将未使用的数字存储空间租出去，有望为众包云存储容量开辟一个新的市场。

Companies that provide cloud storage often store client data on centralized servers, which means increasing network vulnerability and vulnerability to hacking. Block-chain cloud storage solutions allow storage to be dispersed and are therefore less vulnerable to systematic destruction and widespread loss of data. Stordj (see figure above) is testing a cloud-storage network that supports block-chains to improve the security of storing information on cloud ends and reduce transaction costs. Stotj users can also rent unused digital storage spaces and hopefully create a new market for crowd-packed cloud storage capacity.

17.能源管理

17. Energy management

能源管理是另一个向来高度集中的行业。在美国，想在能源领域从事交易，你就得通过一家可信赖的电力控股公司，比如duke energy或英国的national grid，或者与一家从大型电力公司购买能源的经销商打交道。一些初创公司提供以太坊区块链技术，让客户能够采用分散的能源生成方案进行交易，并且让人们可以生成、购买和销售能源（卖给邻居）。比如transactive grid（见上图）――这是lo3 energy和总部位于布鲁克林的以太坊公司consensys共办的一家合资企业。lo3 energy还有诸多项目，包括布鲁克林microgrid和exergy项目，后者是一个概念证明，用于利用计算机生成的余热。

Energy management is another industry that has traditionally been highly concentrated. In the United States, to do business in the field of energy, you have to deal with a trusted power holding company, such as duke energy or UK national grid, or with a distributor who buys energy from a large power company. Some start-up companies provide Ether sector chain technology that allows customers to trade in decentralized energy generation programmes and allows them to generate, purchase and sell energy (to their neighbours). For example, Transactive grid (see above) - a joint venture between lo3 energy and the firm Consensy, an Ethn based in Brooklyn.

18.体育管理

18. Sports management

投资于运动员通常是体育管理机构和企业的范畴，但区块链可以让体育爱好者也能够参与明日体育明星的未来，从而实现资助运动员的过程分散化。利用区块链投资于运动员的概念没有得到任何大规模的尝试。然而，至少有一家组织the jetcoin institute在推广网络货币（这里是指“jetcoin”）这个概念，体育爱好者可以投资于自己喜爱的运动员，以后就有机会从运动员的未来收益中分成，另外还有机会获得vip活动和席位升级等。jetcoin与意大利的赫拉斯维罗纳足球队进行了合作，尝试了这种方法。

Investing in athletes is usually the domain of sports management bodies and businesses, but block chains can enable sports fans to participate in the future of tomorrow's sports stars, thereby decentralizing the process of financing athletes. The concept of investing in athletes using block chains has not been attempted on a large scale.

19.礼品卡和忠诚度计划

19. Gift card and loyalty plan

区块链可帮助提供礼品卡和忠诚度计划的零售商让那些系统更省钱、更安全。由于减少了处理礼品卡发放和销售交易所需要的中间人，获得和使用依赖区块链的礼品卡这个过程更高效、更省钱。同样，区块链独特的验证功能加大了防范欺诈的力度，同样可以节省成本，并且有助于阻止非法用户获得窃取的帐户。gyft是第一数据公司（first data）旗下的一个购买、发送和兑换礼品卡的在线平台，它与区块链基础设施提供商chain（见上图）达成了合作，为使用区块链的数千家小公司运行礼品卡――这项新计划名为gyft block。

Block chains can help to provide gift cards and loyalty schemes to make those systems cheaper and safer. As a result of the reduction of the number of intermediaries needed to process gift card issuance and sales transactions, the process of acquiring and using gift cards that depend on the chain is more efficient and cost-effective. Similarly, the unique certification function of block chains increases fraud-prevention efforts, which can also save costs and help prevent illegal users from accessing stolen accounts. Gyft, an online platform for purchasing, sending and converting gift cards under the first data company (first data Data), has worked with the sector chain infrastructure provider, Chain (see above), to run gift cards for thousands of small companies using the chain - a new scheme called gyft block.

20.政府和公共福利

20. Government and public welfare

援助和福利的发放是区块链有助于简化和确保公共治理的一个领域。govcoinsystems limited这家公司是总部位于伦敦的金融技术公司，支持英国政府的福利发放工作。

Aid and welfare distribution is an area where block chains help to simplify and ensure public governance. govcoinstystems Limited, a London-based financial technology company, supports welfare delivery by the British government.

二、区块链的项目实践

II. Project practice in block chains

1、开源产品（区块链主流开源技术体系介绍）

1. Open-source products (presentation of mainstream open-source technology systems in block chains)

一、比特币体系

I. Bitcoin system

比特币（bitcoin）是最早也是全球最广泛使用和真正意义的去中心化区块链技术，因此他的开源技术体系非常值得参考。比特币区块链的核心技术框架采用c++语言开发，共识算法采用pow算法，工作量（挖矿）证明获得记账权，容错50%，实现全网记账，公网性能tps<7。开源地址为：https:///bitcoin/bitcoin

Bitcoin is the first and most widely used and truly global decentralised block chain technology, so his open-source technology system is very interesting. The core technical framework of the Bitcoin block chain is developed in c++ languages, consensus algorithms are based on the pow algorithm, workload (mining) proves rights to account, 50% faulty, full-network accounts, public network performance tps< 7. The open-source address is https:///bitcoin/bitcoin

虽然说pow算法比较低效率和耗能，比特币区块链由于推出时间比较早又不够强大（如不支持智能合约），但不可否认的是，目前市场上相对成熟和稳定的区块链体系还是比特币。市面上群魔乱舞的山寨币，正是基于比特币的源代码照搬或小改动而创造的，在比特币区块链的体系基础上，还创造了几种区块链技术体系：

Although the pow algorithm is less efficient and energy-consuming, and the Bitcoin block chain is not sufficiently strong due to its early roll-out (e.g., not supporting smart contracts), it is undeniable that the market’s relatively mature and stable block chain system is still bitcoin. The market’s choreographing mountain coins, created on the basis of their source code or minor changes, have also created several block chain technical systems based on the Bitcoin block chain system:

彩色币（染色币），彩色币本身就是比特币，是在历史上的创世交易里面被转移过的比特币。在技术上将比特币网络从其货币价值中抽离出来，它们具有一些特殊的属性，比如支持代理或聚集点，从而具有与比特币面值无关的价值。彩色币可以用作替代货币、商品证书、智能财产以及其他金融工具，如股票和债券等。

Colour currency (colour currency), which is in itself a bitcoin and is transferred in historical creation transactions, is a bitcoin. Technically, the Bitcoin network is removed from its monetary value, and they have special attributes, such as supporting agency or assembly points, and thus value independent of the bitcoin face value. Colour currency can be used as an alternative to currency, commodity certificates, smart property, and other financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds.

闪电网络，是为了解决比特币区块链的瓶颈处理能力而生的，他可以有效解决时延、容量扩展、最终性的问题，为比特币区块链提供了一个可扩展的微支付通道网络，使用闪电网络后，tps最大可以扩展到300。交易双方若在区块链上预先设有支付通道，就可以多次、高频、双向地通过轧差方式实现瞬间确认的微支付；双方若无直接的点对点支付通道，只要网络中存在一条连通双方的、由多个支付通道构成的支付路径，闪电网络也可以利用这条支付路径实现资金在双方之间的可靠转移。

The Lightning Network, which was created to address bottlenecks in the Bitcoin block chain, can effectively solve problems of delay, capacity expansion and finality by providing an extended network of micro-payment channels for the Bitcoin block chain, which can be expanded to a maximum of 300 with the use of the Lightning Network. If the parties to the transaction have pre-positioned payment corridors on the block chain, instantized micropayments can be achieved multiple, high-frequency, and two-way by swings; and if there is no direct point-to-point payment corridor between the two sides, the Lightning Network can also use the payment path to achieve a reliable transfer of funds between the two sides as long as there is a payment path that connects the two sides.

比特币侧链

Bitcoin-side chain.

侧链是以锚定比特币为基础的新型区块链，就像美金锚定到金条一样。比特币的在区块链相当在货币体系的黄金地位，因为他是最去中心化、最多分布节点、最公平区块链。侧链是以融合的方式实现加密货币金融生态的目标，而不是像其它加密货币一样排斥现有的系统。利用侧链，我们可以轻松的建立各种智能化的金融合约，股票、期货、衍生品等等。你可以有成千上万个锚定到比特币上的侧链，特性和目的各不相同，所有这些侧链依赖于比特币主区块链保障的弹性和稀缺性。比较著名的比特币侧链是rootstock和blockstream推出的元素链。

The side chain is a new block chain based on anchoring bitcoin, like the dollar to gold. Bitcoin’s chain is quite golden in the monetary system, because it is the most central, most distributed node, and the most equitable. The side chain is designed to achieve the goal of encrypting monetary ecology in an integrated way, rather than excluding existing systems like any other one. Using the side chain, we can easily create intelligent financial contracts, stocks, futures, derivatives, and so on. You can have tens of thousands of anchors on bitcoin, with different characteristics and purposes, all of which depend on the elasticity and scarcity of the bitcoin chain.

rootstock是一个基于比特币侧链的开源智能合约平台，他使得比特币拥有了智能合约，基于rootstock的智能合约能够运行无数应用，为核心比特币网络增加价值和功能。rootstock使用一种比特币双向挂钩技术，这种双向挂钩以一种固定的转换率输送或输出rootstock上的比特币，rootstock双向挂钩是一种混合驱链和侧链的技术。更值得关注的是，rootstock向后兼容以太坊，实现了以太坊虚拟机的一个改进版本，所以以太坊发布的dapps程序能够轻松地在rootstock上使用，实现比特币级别的安全性和以太坊大量dapps的复用性，更快的执行性并和比特币发生更强的相互作用。使用rootstock可以将性能扩展到tps为300。

Rootstock is an open-source smart contract platform based on the Bitcoin side chain, which allows Bitcoin to operate numerous applications based on the Rootstock smart contract, adding value and functionality to the core Bitcoin network. Rootstock uses a bidirectional ping technology that transmits or exports bitcoins at a fixed conversion rate, and rootstock two-way linkages are a mix of drive-and-side-chain technologies. More interestingly, rootstock can expand its performance to an improved version of an ETA virtual machine, so the dapps program released by the Taiku can easily be used on rootstock, achieve greater security at the Bitcoin level and re-use of a large number of dapps in the Taiku, faster implementation and more interaction with the Special Currency.

元素链（elements）是blockstream的开源侧链项目，同样使用比特币双向挂钩技术，除了智能合约外，他还给比特币快速带来许多创新技术，包括私密交易、证据分离、相对锁定时间、新操作码、签名覆盖金额等等特性。核心技术框架采用c++语言开发，开源地址为：https:///elementsproject/elements

Elements are the blockstream's open-source chain project, using also Bitcoin's two-way linkage technology, which, in addition to smart contracts, quickly brings a number of innovations to Bitcoin, including private transactions, evidence separation, relative locking times, new codes, signature coverage amounts, etc.. The core technology framework is developed in c++ language with an open-source address: https://elementsproject/elements

二、以太坊eth 刚结束的以太坊全球开发者大会devcon2，吸引了无数大牛到上海，可以看到，以太坊生态系统正在高速地成长着，正朝着成为“世界计算机”的目标前进。无论是the dao众筹到攻击，还是eth与etc 分道扬镳，或者是各种以太坊生态的开发框架和应用，以太坊目前在区块链平台是最吸引眼球的。

Second, Ethioeth’s recently concluded conference of Ether Global Developers devcon2, which attracted millions of cows to Shanghai, shows that the Etheraya ecosystem is growing at a high rate and is moving towards the goal of becoming a “world computer.” Whether the dao is behind the attack, or the Eth-etc divide, or the various Etheraya ecological development frameworks and applications, Ether is now the most attractive viewer of the regional grid platform.

以太坊是一个图灵完备的区块链一站式开发平台，采用多种编程语言实现协议，采用go语言写的客户端作为默认客户端（即与以太坊网络交互的方法, 支持其他多种语言的客户端）。基于以太坊平台之上的应用是智能合约，这是以太坊的核心。智能合约配合友好的界面和外加一些额外的小支持，可以让用户基于合约搭建各种千变万化的dapp应用，这样使得开发人员开发区块链应用的门槛大大降低。

Ether is a well-established one-stop development platform for block chains in Turing, using multiple programming languages to deliver protocols, using the Go-language client as the default client (i.e. interacting with Ethernet, supporting multi-linguistic clients). Applications based on the Ether platform are smart contracts, which are at the heart of Ether. Smart contracts, coupled with friendly interfaces and some additional small support, allow users to build variable dapp applications based on contracts, thus significantly reducing the threshold for developers to develop block-chain applications.

以太坊eth的开源地址：https:///ethereum/。以太坊的整个技术生态系统比较强大，同时迭代周期比较快，所以有比较强的生命力，但事物都有两面，对于依赖于以太坊特别是以太坊公网的商业应用来说，频繁的迭代升级和处于风口浪尖（被攻击），使得基于以太坊的商业应用，有时候不得不打足精神去跟以太坊一起升级维护和补丁。

Open-source address in Ethereth: https://ethereum/. The whole technological ecosystem of Etherm is stronger and the iterative cycle is faster, so it has more life, but there are two sides to it. For commercial applications that rely on Ether, in particular Ethernet, frequent alternation upgrades and exposures (to attack) make it necessary to upgrade maintenance and patches with Ether-based commercial applications, sometimes in a spirit.

目前以太坊正在正式运行1.0版本，采用的是pow挖矿的共识算法，目前公网的tps是25笔，在开发中的1.5版本，将采用类pos的casper算法，以使区块链的确认速度相对于pow的线性效率，达到指数级。采用casper后将会更好的确认机制，以及大幅降低能量消耗。在规划的 2.0版本目标，tps有望可以达到2000tps。

At present, version 1.0 is officially in operation in Tai Pa, using a consensus algorithm for pow mining, which currently has 25 taps on the public network, and in the 1.5 version under development, a class of posper algorithms will be used to enable block chain confirmation speeds to reach the index level relative to the linear efficiency of the wave. The casper will have a better confirmation mechanism and a significant reduction in energy consumption. At the planned version 2.0, the caps are expected to reach 2000tps.

以太坊的进一步开发介绍你可以参考我另外一篇文章《区块链应用开发入门》。

As a further development, you can refer to my other article, "Introduction to the Development of Block Chain Applications."

三、ibm hyperledger fabric ibmhyperledger，又叫 fabric，是一个带有可插入各种功能模块架构的区块链实施方案，他的目标是打造成一个由全社会来共同维护的一个超级账本。elwin个人感觉fabric分层设计比较合理，模块化程度非常不错，虽然目前还是在完善阶段，并没有真正商用（最近ibm携手中国银联打造区块链为基础的忠诚积分交易系统，但还是属于探索试样项目），但以ibm的多年技术底蕴，fabric应该是大企业构建区块链底层的选择之一。

Three: ibm hyperledger fabric ibmhyperledger, also known as Fabric, is a block implementation programme with a network of functional modules that can be inserted into them. His aim is to create a super-account book that is shared by society as a whole. The elwin individual feels that the Fabric stratification is reasonable and highly modular, although it is not really commercial at this stage of improvement (the recent ibm-based loyalization trading system based on the Chinese silver chain is still a pilot project), but with the multi-year technology base of ibm, Fabric should be one of the options for building the bottom of the chain of blocks in large enterprises.

fabric架构核心逻辑有三条：membership、blockchain和chaincode。membershipservices这项服务用来管理节点身份、隐私、保密性、可审计性。blockchain services使用建立在http/2上的p2p协议来管理分布式账本，提供最有效的哈希算法来维护区块链世界状态的副本。采取可插拔的方式来根据具体需求来设置共识协议，比如pbft，raft，pow和pos等等，ibm首选pbft算法。chaincode services 会提供一种安全且轻量级的沙盒运行模式，来在vp节点上执行chaincode逻辑，类似以太坊的evm虚拟机及其他上面运行的智能合约。

The core logic of the fabric architecture is three: remembership, blackchain, and chaincode. The service is used to manage node identity, privacy, confidentiality, auditability. Blockchais manages distribution books using a p2p protocol based on http/2. It provides the most effective Hashi algorithm to maintain a copy of the block chain world. An intrudable approach is to set consensus agreements based on specific needs, such as pbft, Raft, pow, and posss, ibm prefers pbft. Chaincodes provides a safe and lightweight sandbox operating mode to implement the chaincode logic at vp point, similar to the vm virtual machine and other smart contracts operating above.

开源地址：https:///hyperledger/fabric。fabric的主要框架核心开发语言是go语言，系统目标是15个验证节点下最理想情况下可以有100k tps的性能，更适合于联盟链。

Open source address: https:///hyperledger/fabric. Fabric’s main frame core development language is Go Language, and the system’s goal is to have 100 k tps performance under the best of 15 validation nodes, better suited to the union chain.

四、比特股bitshare 比特股（bitshares）是区块链历史上里程碑式的产品之一，截至目前仍然是完整度最高、功能最丰富、性能最强大的区块链产品之一。比特股是可以看作是一个公司、货币甚至是一个社区。它提供的bitusd等锚定资产是虚拟币历史上的一个最重要变革之一，能够极大消除虚拟货币被人诟病的波动性大的问题。

Fourthly, the Bitshares (bitshares) are one of the landmark products in the history of the block chain and, to date, one of the most complete, functional, and powerful sector chain products. The Bits Unit can be seen as a company, currency, and even a community.

比特币低效率高能耗的pow算法，使得比特股及其dpos共识算法应运而生。有别于比特币特定的共识机制，dpos有一个内置的实时股权人投票系统，就像系统随时都在召开一个永不散场的股东大会，所有股东都在这里投票决定公司决策。与比特币相比，比特股系统的投票权牢牢掌握在股东手里，而不是雇员。比特股系统的去中心化程度紧紧掌握在比特股持有者们的手中，他们决定了出块受托人的个数。同时，作恶的受托人不会得到任何好处，并且很快就会被投票出局。此外，比特股内置了强大的账户权限设定、灵活的多重签名方式、白名单等特性，足以满足企业级的功能定制需求。

Bitcoin’s inefficient and energy-intensive pow algorithm has created the Bitcoin and its dpos consensus algorithm. Unlike the Bitcoin-specific consensus mechanism, dpos has a built-in real-time equity voting system, like a never-ending shareholder general meeting where all shareholders vote for company decisions. Compared to Bitcoin, the Bitcoin system has a strong voting power in the hands of shareholders, not employees. The decentralisation of the Bitcoin system is tight in the hands of the Bitcoin holders, who determine the number of trustees.

比特股的1.0开源地址是：https:///bytemaster/bitshares，2.0开源库在：http:///bitshares。他的核心技术框架采用c++语言开发，既适用于公有链，也适合于联盟链，只需要少量节点进行记

区块链乱象丛生，我们还要交多少“智商税”

His core technology framework is developed in c++ language, which applies to both public and union chains, with only a small number of nodes to record the

block chain chaos, and how much IQ tax we have to pay.

在百度百科上，区块链被解释为分布式数据存储、点对点传输、共识机制、加密算法等计算机技术的新型应用模式。

On an encyclopedia, block chains are interpreted as new applications of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, etc.

区块链最大的特点是去中心化，你可以理解为，黑莓酱打算找老司买一台手机，通过支付宝转账给老司，而老司将手机寄给黑莓酱完成这次交易。这个交易过程虽然是黑莓酱和老司在进行，但过程中支付宝参与了进来，即黑莓酱的钱是通过支付宝给老司的。而去中心化处理后，黑莓酱只需要把钱直接给老司，老司直接把手机给黑莓酱，然后双方声称完成这次交易就行了。

The biggest feature of the block chain is decentralization, which you understand is that Blackberry sauce is going to buy a cell phone from the old man to transfer it to the old man, who sends the cell phone to Blackberry sauce to complete the transaction. Although it is done by Blackberry sauce and the old man, the money paid for it is paid to the old man by paying the old man. Instead of centralization, Blackberry sauce is going to pay the money directly to the old man, and the old man is going to send his cell phone directly to Blackberry sauce, and both sides claim that it is done.

2017年中旬，迅雷推出基于区块链技术的产品玩客云，玩客云其实就是一个私人云盘，用来共享宽带和储存资源，通过共享获得回报，而作为奖励，玩客币可以用来兑换网络加速、云储存等服务，同时用户可以将玩客币转让给好友。而就这样一个玩客币，当时仅仅1毛钱的价格，在短短1个月内炒到了80元。

In mid-2017, with the launch of a product based on block-chain technology, the game was actually a private cloud that shared broadband and storage resources and received returns through sharing, while, as an incentive, the game money could be used to exchange services such as network acceleration, cloud storage, and the user could transfer the game money to good friends. And such a game currency, at a price of only 10 cents, was fired at $80 in just one month.

玩客币的现象引起了监管部门的关注。今年1月，中国互联网协会发布关于防范变相首次公开募币（ico）活动的风险提示就直接点名迅雷的玩客币是变相的ico，在发布提示没多久，迅雷就就行了更改，目前，迅雷的玩客币已经不再支持用户转账。

In January of this year, the Chinese Internet Association issued a risk alert to prevent the first public call for money (co) from being made. A quick call for money is a quick call for change. At present, a quick call for money is no longer supportive of user transfers.

如果迅雷的玩客币是网民的疯狂，那么人人网的现象就着实让人难以理解，就在2018年初，人人网仅两个交易日，股票暴涨76%，而这背后的原因是坊间传闻人人网将发布《rrcoin方案》，也就是人人网的区块链项目白皮书。

If the fast playing money is the madness of the Internet, the phenomenon of everyone’s web is hard to understand. At the beginning of 2018, the stock stock surged by 76 per cent on just two trading days, the reason behind this is that the Inter-Tribunal Wirtschaftsprüfer will publish the rrcoin Program, the White Paper on the Internet’s Block Chain Project.

基于这种情况，有人甚至恶搞了名为foolcoin（傻币）的网站，用以讽刺那些毫无技术，仅仅推出白皮书或者概念来骗取投资人钱的公司。

On the basis of this situation, the website " foolcoin " has even been tampered with in order to make fun of companies that have no skills but to introduce white papers or concepts to defraud investors.

原本，网站创建者的初衷仅仅是想破除人们对区块链项目的迷信，让大家能够理性的对待区块链。但可笑的是，竟然有人冒用傻币的名义去众筹，而其假冒的私募群已经有1000多人加入。

Originally, the site’s creators were simply trying to break their superstitions about block-link projects, allowing people to take a rational approach to block-chains. But the irony is that some people are raising them in the name of stupid coins, and their pseudo-prisoners have joined more than 1,000 people.

除了这些炒币的，还有做培训的也瞄上了区块链，网上关于区块链的课程，一节课时最便宜的收费500元，最贵的共6天课程达到19800元。据媒体调查发现，某些所谓的区块链讲师，是通过3天2夜的培训出来的，很难想象三天时间能够学到点什么，但不妨碍该培训学校发讲师资格证书并拍照留念。

In addition to these coins, there are those who have been trained to look at the block chain, the online course on block chains, the cheapest charge of $500 per class, and the most expensive six-day course, which amounts to $19,800. A media survey found that some so-called block chain lecturers were trained for three days and two nights, and it was difficult to imagine what they could learn in three days, without preventing the training school from issuing a certificate and taking photographs.

其实抛开这些区块链乱象，对于区块链本身，是非常具有价值的。例如据ccn报道，天猫国际宣传成立区块链技术整合到跨境物流中，其基于区块链的系统记录有关进口货物的所有相关信息，包括生产、运输方法、海关、检验和第三方核查等商品进口全流程，供消费者查询验证。

In fact, leaving aside these block chains is very valuable for the block chain itself. For example, Cccn reports that Skycat International promotes the integration of block chain technology into cross-border logistics, and that its system, based on block chains, records all relevant information on imported goods, including production, transport methods, customs, inspection and third-party verification, for certification by consumers.

除此之外，京东集团宣布成立“京东品质溯源防伪联盟”，与农业部、国家质检总局、工信部等部门，运用区块链技术搭建“京东区块链防伪追溯平台”。平台将逐步通过联盟链的方式，实现线上线下零售的商品追溯与防伪，保护品牌和消费者的权益。

In addition, the Tokyo Group announced the establishment of the “Kingdong Quality Anti-Psystem Alliance”, which, together with ministries such as the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Quality Control Directorate and the Ministry of Industry and Communications, will use block chain technology to build the “Kingdong Quick Quality Anti-Pseudo-Retrospecting Platform.” The platform will gradually move through the coalition chain to provide back-to-back and anti-false retailing of goods on-line and to protect brand names and consumer rights.

所以，如果我们理性对待区块链，其实对于我们的生活还是有很大的改观，而不是像现在所出现的各种啼笑皆非的乱象，回顾之前的共享单车，类似的教训还不少么?

So, if we're rational about the chain of blocks, there's still a lot to be done about our lives, rather than all the laughter that's happening now. Is there a lot of lessons to be learned when we look back at our shared bicycles?

五

Five.

2008 年，在 zuckerberg 为他正在成长的公司开设了第一家国际总部后不久，第一个对封闭协议时代有意义的挑战的蛛丝马迹出现了。

In 2008, shortly after the opening of the first international headquarters for his growing company, zuckerberg, the first trace of meaningful challenges in the era of closed agreements emerged.

一名（或一群）神秘的程序员以 satoshi nakamoto 的名义给密码学的学术社区成员们的电子邮箱分发了一篇论文。这篇论文被叫做「比特币：点对点的电子现金系统」，在其中，nakamoto 为一种数字货币概述了一个巧妙的系统，它不需要集中的可信权威来验证交易。

A mysterious programmer (or group of programmers) distributed a paper in the name of satoshi nakamoto to members of the cryptology academic community by e-mail. The paper was called "bitcoin: a point-to-point electronic cash system," in which nakamoto outlined a smart system for a digital currency that did not require a centralized and credible authority to verify transactions.

当时，facebook 和比特币似乎属于完全不同的领域——一个是风投支持下蓬勃发展的社交媒体初创公司，让你分享生日祝福、与老朋友联系，而另一个则是一个不知名的电子邮件列表中的关于加密货币的错综复杂的方案。

At that time, Facebook and Bitcoin seemed to be in a completely different area — a social media start-up company that was booming with wind pitch support, sharing birthdays, contacting old friends, and a complicated program of encrypted currency in an anonymous e-mail list.

但 10 年后，nakamoto 在这篇论文中提出的想法已经对像 facebook 这样的互联网巨头的霸主地位构成了最重大的挑战。

But 10 years later, the idea presented by nakamoto in this paper has posed the greatest challenge to the dominance of Internet giants like facebook.

比特币的悖论之处在于，它很有可能成为一项真正革命性的突破，同时也是作为货币的一种巨大失败。

The paradox of Bitcoin is that it is likely to be a real revolutionary breakthrough and also a great failure as a currency.

正如我所写的那样，在过去的五年里比特币的价值增长了近100,000%，为早期投资者赚了一大笔钱，但也将其标榜为一种极不稳定的支付机制。而创造新比特币的过程也被证明需要惊人的能量消耗。

As I have written, the value of Bitcoin has increased by nearly 100,000% over the past five years, making a huge amount of money for early investors, but also labelling it as a highly unstable payment mechanism. The process of creating a new bitcoin has also proved to require an alarming amount of energy consumption.

历史充满了新技术的故事，而最后这些新技术的最初应用与最终用途已经没什么关联了。所有对比特币作为支付系统的关注，可能同样会被证明是这样的一种干扰，是技术领域里会丢了西瓜的「芝麻」。

History is full of stories about new technologies, and in the end the initial applications of these technologies are no longer relevant to their end-use. All of the concerns of the bitcoin, as a payment system, may also be shown to be such interference with the "sesame" that can be lost to watermelon in the technical field.

nakamoto 在最初的宣言中把比特币定位为「点对点电子现金系统」，但在它的核心，他（或她或他们）提出的创新其实具有更一般的结构，这个结构有两个关键特征。

In its original declaration, nakamoto identified Bitcoin as a "point-to-point electronic cash system", but at its core, the innovation he (or she or they) proposed actually had a more general structure, with two key features.

首先，比特币提供了一种证据，证明你可以创建一个安全的数据库——区块链——分散在成百上千的计算机上，而没有一个权威机构来控制和验证数据的真实性。

First, Bitcoin provides evidence that you can create a secure database — a block chain — scattered over hundreds of computers without an authoritative authority to control and verify the authenticity of data.

其次，nakamoto 设计了比特币，以使维持分布式账本的工作本身就能得到少量的、越来越稀有的比特币支付。如果你将你计算机处理能力的一半投入到帮助比特币网络完成计算——从而抵御黑客和骗子——你就得到了一小块比特币。nakamoto 设计了这个系统，这样比特币就会随着时间的推移变得越来越难以获得，从而确保了系统中一定数量的稀缺性。如果你在早期帮助比特币保持数据库的安全，你将比后来的人赚更多的比特币。这个过程被称为「挖矿」。

Second, nakamoto designed bitcoin so that the work of maintaining distributed books could itself be paid a small and scarce bitcoin. If you invest half of your computer processing capacity in helping the Bitcoin network complete its calculations — and thus resist hackers and liars — you get a small bit of bitcoin. nakamoto designed the system, so that bitcoin becomes more and more difficult to obtain over time, thus ensuring a certain amount of scarcity in the system. If you help Bitcoin to keep the database secure at an early stage, you will earn more bitcoins than later. This process is called "mining."

基于我们理解的目的，请忘记一切关于比特币热的其他事情，就记住这两件即可：

For the purposes of our understanding, please forget everything else about Bitcoin, and just remember these two:

nakamoto 带来这个世界的是一种能在数据库没有管理员的情况下对内容达成一致认可的方法，以及一种不通过正式工资或是分得股权就能奖励那些帮助使数据库变得更有价值的人们的方法。这两种想法一起解决了分布式数据库问题和资金问题。

The world is brought by nakamoto, a way to agree on content approval without a database administrator, and a way to reward those who help make the database more valuable without formal pay or equity. Together, these two ideas solve distributed database problems and funding problems.

突然之间，一种在 facebook 和 twitter 的幼年时期不存在的，支持开放协议的方法出现了。

Suddenly, a way to support an open agreement does not exist in the early years of facebook and twitter.

这两个功能现在已经被复制到了数十个受到比特币启发的新系统中。其中一个系统就是以太坊，这是 vitalik buterin 在他 19 岁时在一篇白皮书中提出的。以太坊确实有它的货币，但是以太坊的设计核心并不是为了方便电子支付，而是要让人们在以太坊区块链上运行应用程序。

These two features have now been copied into dozens of new systems inspired by bitcoin. One of the systems is the Etherm, which was proposed by Vitalik buterin in a white paper when he was 19 years old. The Etherm did have its currency, but the Etherm design core was not designed to facilitate electronic payment, but to allow people to run applications on the Etherm block chain.

目前，有数百个以太坊应用程序正在开发中，从预测市场到 facebook 的克隆，再到众筹服务。几乎所有的产品都处于内测前阶段，还没有准备好供消费者使用。尽管应用程序处于萌芽状态，但以太货币已经出现了微型比特币泡沫，很可能为 buterin 带来巨额财富。

Currently, hundreds of e-Team applications are being developed, from predicting markets to Facebook clones to crowd-sourcing services. Almost all of the products are in the advanced stages of internal testing and are not ready for consumers. Despite the budding of applications, mini-bitcoin bubbles have emerged in the currency of the Ether currency, which is likely to bring enormous wealth to the Buterin.

juan benet 的 filecoin 系统将依赖于以太坊技术，并奖励那些使用它的 ipfs 协议，或者帮助维护它所需要的共享数据库的用户和开发人员。协议实验室正在创建自己的加密货币，也称为 filecoin，并计划在未来几个月在公开市场上出售部分 filecoin。（在 2017 年的夏天，该公司通过向认证投资者提供 benet 所说的代币「预售」，在头 60 分钟内筹集了 1.35 亿美元。）

Juan benet’s filecoin system will rely on Etherno technology and reward users and developers who use it, or help maintain the shared database it needs. The protocol lab is creating its own encrypted currency, also known as filecoin, and plans to sell part of the filecoin on the open market in the coming months. (In the summer of 2017, the company raised $135 million in the first 60 minutes by providing what benet called currency “pre-sales” to certified investors.)

许多加密货币首先是通过一种被称为「首次硬币发行（i.c.o）」的程序向公众供应的。这 i.c.o.的缩写形式是故意在呼应定义了上世纪 90 年代第一次互联网泡沫的「首次公开发行（i.p.o.）」。但两者之间有一个关键的区别。投机者可以在 i.c.o.中买入，但它们并不是像在传统的 i.p.o.中那样购买私人公司的股权及其专有软件。之后，数字货币将继续被创造出来以换取劳动力——在 filecoin 的情况下，也就是指那些帮助维持 filecoin 网络的人们。帮助改进该软件的开发人员可以获得这些 filecoin，普通用户也可以通过提供多余的硬盘空间来扩展网络的存储容量以获得 filecoin。filecoin 是一种信号，表明某人在某个地方为这个网络增加了价值。

Many encrypted currencies are first supplied to the public through a procedure known as "first coin issuance (i.c.o). This i.c.o. is in the form of an acronym deliberately defining the first public release (i.p.o.) of the first Internet bubble of the 1990s. But there is a key difference between the two. Speculators can buy them in i.c.o., but they are not buying private company equity and proprietary software as in the traditional i.p.o. The digital money will continue to be created in exchange for labour – in the case of filecoin, those who help to maintain the filecoin network.

像 chris dixon 这样的倡导者已经开始用「代币（tokens）」而不是硬币（coins）来指代这种劳动力交易中的补偿，以强调这样的技术并不一定是为了破坏现有的货币系统。

Proponents such as Chris Dixon have begun to refer to compensation in this labour trade in terms of "tokens" rather than coins, to emphasize that such technologies are not necessarily designed to undermine existing monetary systems.

「我很喜欢这个代币的象征意义，因为它很清楚地表明它就像一个电玩城。」他说，「你去游乐场玩，在那里你可以使用这些代币。但我们并不是要取代美国政府。它不是真正的货币；它是一种在这个世界里的伪货币。」

"I love the symbolism of this token, because it makes it very clear that it is like a telecommunications city." He said, "You go to the playground, where you can use it. But we are not trying to replace the United States Government. It is not a true currency; it is a counterfeit currency in this world."

metamask 的创始人 dan finlay 也响应了 dixon 的观点。他说：「对我来说，最有趣的是我们已经开始规划新的价值体系。他们根本不需要模仿像金钱这样的现有体系。」

The founder of metamask, Dan Finlay, echoed the point of disson. He said, "The most interesting thing for me is that we've started planning new value systems. They don't need to imitate existing systems like money."

无论真假，i.c.o.的想法已经激发了大量的影子发售，其中一些是由不太可能是区块链狂热者的名人代言的，比如 dj khaled、paris hilton 和 floyd mayweather。

Whether true or not, the idea of i.c.o. has inspired a great deal of shadow sales, some of which are presented by celebrities who are not likely to be block-chain fanatics, such as dj khaled, paris Hilton and floyd mayweather.

在一篇发表于 2017 年 10 月的博客文章中，联合广场创业公司的创始人以及区块链革命的早期倡导者 fred wilson 强烈反对 i.c.o 的扩张。「我讨厌它，」威尔逊写道，并补充道大部分的 i.c.o.都「是诈骗。而那些在社交媒体上为此站台的名人和其他人的这种行为很糟糕，可能已经违反了证券法。」

In a blog article published in October 2017, Fred wilson, the founder of Union Square Entrepreneurs and an early advocate of the block chain revolution, strongly objected to the expansion of i.c.o. Wilson wrote, adding that most of the i.c.o. were “frauded.” And the behavior of celebrities and others who stood for this in social media is bad and may have violated the Securities Act.

对于 i.c.o.——以及已经发行的比特币和以太币——兴趣的激增，可能最引人注目的就是有多少金融投机活动已经被吸引到了那些实际上没有被普通消费者采用的平台中去。

For i.c.o. — and the already issued Bitcoin and Ether — the surge in interest may be most striking as to how much financial speculation has been attracted to platforms that are not actually used by ordinary consumers.

至少在上世纪 90 年代末的互联网泡沫时期，普通人的确在亚马逊上买书，或者在网上阅读报纸；那时有明确的证据表明，网络将会成为主流平台。而如今，炒作周期已经被加速到，数十亿美元正在追逐一项几乎除了密码学专家以外无人能理解的技术，更不用说只有多少人真的在使用了。

At least in the late 1990’s, when ordinary people did buy books in Amazonia or read newspapers online; there was clear evidence that the Internet would become a mainstream platform. Now, the cycle of frenzy has accelerated, and billions of dollars are pursuing a technology that is virtually ununderstood except for cryptography experts, let alone how many people are actually using it.

六 为了讨论清楚，让我们假设炒作是必要的，而且像以太坊这样的区块链平台成为了我们数字基础架构的基础部分。那么一个分布式的分类账和象征性的经济将如何挑战一个科技巨头呢？

Six, for the sake of clarity, let us assume that fiction is necessary, and that a block-chain platform like Etherno becomes the foundation of our digital infrastructure. How can a distributed ledger and symbolic economy challenge a technocratic giant?

fred wilson 在联合广场风险投资公司（union square ventures）的合伙人 brad burnham 提出了一个围绕另一家科技巨头的设想。去年，这家公司与监管机构和公众舆论发生了冲突——优步（uber）。

Fred wilson’s partner in the United Square Ventures put forward a vision around another technology giant. Last year, the company clashed with regulatory bodies and public opinion – uber.

「优步基本上只是司机和乘客之间的协调平台，」burnham 说，「是的，它确实很有创意，一开始就有很多功能来减少司机是否会来的焦虑，还有地图，以及很多值得夸赞的东西。」

"Utility is basically just a platform for coordination between drivers and passengers," said Burrnham, "Yes, it is very creative, and there are many functions in the first place to reduce the anxiety of drivers, maps, and a lot of complimentary things."

但当优步等新服务迅猛发展时，市场就有了巩固一个领导者的强大动力。事实上，越来越多的乘客开始使用优步 app 吸引了更多的司机，而这反过来又吸引了更多的乘客。人们在优步上绑定了信用卡；他们已经安装了应用程序；在路上也有更多的优步司机。因此，尝试其他竞争对手服务的转换成本最终会变得令人望而却步，即使首席执行官似乎是一个混蛋，或者理论上来说消费者应该更喜欢一个有十来个优步的竞争市场。

But the market has a strong incentive to consolidate a leader when new services such as valor are developing rapidly. In fact, more and more passengers are starting to use valories that attract more drivers, which in turn attracts more passengers. People tie credit cards on valor; they have applications installed; and there are more valorized drivers on the way.

burnham 说：「在某个时候，围绕协调的创新变得越来越没创意。」 区块链世界提出了不同的建议。想象一下，一些像协议实验室这样的团体决定在堆栈中添加另一个「基本层」。

Burrnham says, "Sometimes, innovation has become less creative around coordination." The block chain world has come up with different proposals. Imagine that some groups like protocol laboratories have decided to add another "fundamental layer" to the stack.

正如 gps 给我们提供了一个发现和分享我们位置的方法一样，这个新协议将定义一个简单的请求：我在这里，想去那里。分布式账簿可能会记录所有用户过去的旅行、信用卡、最喜欢的地点——所有优步或亚马逊这样的服务商用来锁定客户的元数据。为了方便论证，把它叫做「交通（transit）」协议。

Just as the gps provide us with a way to discover and share our location, this new agreement will define a simple request: I'm here, and I want to go there. Distributed books may record all users' past travels, credit cards, their favorite locations -- all elegances or service businesses like Amazon to lock in their customers' metadata. For ease of argument, it is called "transit" protocols.

将「交通」请求发送到互联网的标准将完全开放；任何想要构建应用程序来响应该请求的人都可以免费使用。城市可以建立「交通」应用程序，允许出租车司机提出请求。而自行车共享组织，或者人力车夫也可以这样做。

The criteria for sending a "traffic" request to the Internet will be completely open; anyone who wants to build an application to respond to it can do so free of charge.

区块链技术的应用正在以迅雷不及掩耳之势渗透到各个行业，金融亦是如此。

The application of block chain technology is spreading across industries, as is finance.

近日，苏宁金融宣布上线区块链黑名单共享平台系统；澳大利亚金融情报机构austrac正在建立一个概念证明（poc），用于将一些反洗钱报告在区块链上自动化……不难看出，区块链的应用对于金融行业中的负面行为能够起到一定的监管和压制作用。

In recent days, Sunin Finance has announced a system of online block chain blacklist sharing platforms; Australian financial intelligence unit austrac is developing a concept proof (poc) to automate some anti-money-laundering reports on the block chain... It is easy to see that block chain applications can have some regulatory and repressive effect on negative behaviour in the financial sector.

而另一边，由区块链催生的各种加密货币席卷了全球的金融市场，各种炒币乱象层出不穷。由此看来，区块链技术未来发展必然无法逃避的一个事实就是治理各种金融乱象。

On the other hand, the various encrypt currencies generated by block chains have engulfed the global financial markets, with all kinds of currency booming. Thus, one fact that the future development of block chain technology cannot escape is the governance of all kinds of financial turmoil.

在监管、技术、人性多方作用下，金融市场一直以来都存在难以清除的各种不良现象，持续困扰着市场内的参与者，包括监管机构。

Under various regulatory, technical and human roles, financial markets have been plagued by persistent and insurmountable negative phenomena that continue to plague participants in the market, including regulators.

金融市场乱象：羊毛党、诈骗、高利贷

Financial market mess: wool party, fraud, usury

区块链之所以介入金融市场，热火朝天的比特币等加密货币只是其表象因素，更多的是因为金融市场乱象根深蒂固，区块链或能救其于野蛮生长之中。那么究竟金融市场存在哪些难以根除的乱象呢？

The reason why block chains are involved in financial markets is that encrypted currencies, such as hot bitcoin, are merely symptoms, more so because financial markets are deeply entrenched, chained, or able to save them from barbarous growth. So what are the hard-to-exterminate distortions in financial markets?

乱象一:羊毛党薅羊毛成风。作为互联网金融的一分支行业——网贷一路走红，《p2p网贷行业2017年1月月报》显示，截至2017年1月底，p2p网贷行业正常运营平台数量为2388家，到10月底正常运营平台数量已下降至1975家，导致网贷平台逐年下降的原因除严监管的到来外，羊毛党也功不可没。

As a branch of Internet finance – net lending – the January 2017 P2p Loans Journal shows that by the end of January 2017 there were 2388 regular operating platforms in the p2p lending industry, and that by the end of October the number of normal operating platforms had fallen to 1975, and that the reason for the year-on-year decline was, in addition to strict regulation.

一方面，羊毛党通过一些软件和工具等可以快速完成大量的新用户注册及交易量，给平台带来短暂的假象繁荣；另一方面，用极低的成本针对平台活动套现，致使平台活动资金短缺，服务器出现宕机状况，更严重者甚至是直接跑路或倒闭。

On the one hand, the wool party, through a number of software and tools, can quickly complete a large number of new user registrations and transactions, thereby bringing the platform a short pseudo-boom; on the other hand, the application of a very low cost to the platform's activities has led to a shortage of funds for the platform's activities and to server crashes, which are even more serious when it runs directly or closes down.

乱象二：金融诈骗层出不穷。互联网的不断发展既方便了人们的生活，也滋生了金融诈骗线上化的“优良”土壤。有“北派打地铺，南派住别墅”之讽喻，发源于东北一带的暴力北派传销以及发源于广西的精神干扰型南派传销，不仅屡打不绝还“与时俱进”不断升级逐渐互联网化。诸如虚假借款型、境外诈骗型、高收益投资理财型、众筹诈骗型等千变万化的诈骗手段，比如曾经名噪一时的某租宝案、泛亚集团案、水果营行案、mmm案等，不胜枚举。

The Internet continues to grow in a way that facilitates people's lives and breeds “good” ground for financial fraud. There is the metaphor of “norths to the north, south to the villas,” where violent North to the north-east and psychologically disturbed South to the south to the south of Guangxi are not only persistent but also “up-to-date” and increasingly Internet-based.

一方面是受骗者法律、金融、政务等各方面常识的缺失导致的信息不对称而被利用；另一方面是骗财者五花八门层出不穷的诈骗花招，如铺天盖地的地推网宣广告，甚至广告可以打到央视，叫人们如何防范？

On the one hand, asymmetric information resulting from the lack of common sense in the legal, financial, political and other aspects of the fraud, on the other hand, is exploited; and on the other hand, is the plethora of fraudulent schemes that defraud the rich, such as adverts on the ground, and even advertising, which can reach out to people as to how to prevent them from doing so.

再者相关诈骗法规不够完善，惩罚力度不够，骗财者规避法律、躲避监管肆无忌惮大行诈骗之道，而受骗者也因证据难觅造成的损失几乎无追回可能。受骗者因低风险高收益、从者众、骗局产业化、监管缺失遭蒙蔽心智，而骗财者相中的却是被骗者源源不断流入的本金。

In addition, fraud laws are inadequate, and penalties are inadequate, and those who deceive the rich evade the law, avoid regulation and engage in unbridled fraud, while those who are deceived have little chance of recovering the damage caused by the lack of evidence. Swindlers are blinded by low-risk, high-yielding, industrialization, and lack of regulation.

乱象三：高利贷暗地横行。高利贷自古有之，堪称一大毒瘤。随着经济发展，人们消费观念转变，许多个人、企业等走上了贷款之路，但由于银行贷款门槛高借贷难，从而转向门槛低程序简单的民间贷，因此民间贷的市场也愈发膨胀，校园贷、小额贷、现金贷、消费贷等机构平台不断涌现，其中掺杂着不少不良性质的高利贷机构，借款人因还不起日益高涨的利息而被暴力催收，出现伤亡、轻生等屡见不鲜的恶性社会问题。

There is also a growing market for private loans, with a proliferation of institutional platforms such as school loans, micro-loans, cash loans, and consumer loans, which combine a number of undesired mortgage institutions, with borrowers being violently pushed into debt because they cannot afford rising interest rates.

金融市场乱象横生究其原因在于甲乙双方信息不对称，要根治此间乱象还得从信息真实透明度着手，无论是从监管上、法律上还是技术手段上。

The financial market turmoil is due to the asymmetry of information between A and B, and it must be addressed from the point of view of the true transparency of information, whether regulatory, legal or technical.

区块链根治金融市场乱象有望

There's hope for the financial market to be dealt with by the chain of blocks.

近来区块链颇为火热，“三点钟无眠区块链群”成聚焦热点，有人看好，有人看空，众说纷纭。那么区块链究竟为何物呢？其实区块链是一种能实现信息共享的信息存储技术，也就是所谓的去中心化，多节点信息备份。因而区块链或能解金融市场中的种种不规范。其一，区块链可让金融信息存储最大化。有关区块链的定义中被提及最多的还有信息可永久储存且不可篡改，姑且不论区块链技术在这一点上的应用能力如何，但至少可知技术上的突破关键在于信息存储空间大小。

In recent times, the block chain has been hot, with the “three-point insomnia block chain” becoming a hot spot of focus. Some people see it well, and others see it empty. What about the block chain? In fact, the block chain is an information-storage technology that allows for information-sharing, so-called decentralization and multiple nodes of information back-up.

一来金融信息若能永久储存，那么理论上就可避免因信息丢失而无法查证借贷双方的真实情况；二来信息无法篡改可避免不法分子因自身利益篡改信息，危害彼方或影响查证方对另一方的真实情况判别，而扩容信息存储空间则能避免此类问题。

Once financial information is permanently stored, it is theoretically possible to avoid the loss of information and the inability to verify the true situation of both borrowers; and if information cannot be tampered with, it is possible to avoid the manipulation of information by the wrong party for its own benefit, to the detriment of the other party or to influence the identification party in determining the true situation of the other party, such problems can be avoided by expanding the space in which information is stored.

其二，区块链去中心化、信息共享模式可巩固信用机制，降低风控成本与风险。风控对于金融企业而言是至关重要的一环，能识别潜在金融风险隐患和降低金融风险发生的概率以及发生时可降损。比如借贷型公司通过风控可以挖掘出羊毛党避免被薅羊毛，通过风控可以对借款人的信用作出评估。

Second, centrifugalization of blocks and information-sharing models can strengthen credit mechanisms and reduce wind-control costs and risks. Wind control is an essential link for financial firms to identify potential financial risk risks and reduce the probability of financial risk occurring, as well as to reduce damage when it occurs.

但风控的成本高且呈上升趋势，由于征信体系不够健全，难以摸清借贷者信用还款的责任意识。例如消费金融公司的风险成本一般在3%-7%之间，风控成本高会给小贷公司造成很大压力，因而不少小贷公司采用爬虫技术窃取大公司的风控数据，进而造成客户隐私泄露等。

But wind-controlled costs are high and rising, and it is difficult to discern a sense of responsibility on the part of borrowers’ credit repayments due to inadequate credit systems. For example, consumer finance companies typically have risk costs of between 3 and 7%, and high wind-controlled costs can put considerable pressure on small lenders, which use reptiles to steal wind-controlled data from large companies, thereby leading to the disclosure of customer privacy.

而区块链因其多节点信息存储技术，既能实现信息共享又能去中心化，这样便能降低金融企业的风控成本。去中心化可以让数据库中的金融信息实现共享，此种模式对于中小型金融机构非常有利，可以降低中小型金融机构的风控成本进而降低风险系数。苏宁金融上线的金融行业区块链黑名单共享平台便是一个好的开端。

The block chain, because of its multi-point information storage technology, allows both information-sharing and centralization, which reduces financial firms’ wind-control costs. Decentralization allows for the sharing of financial information in databases, a model that is very beneficial for small and medium-sized financial institutions, and reduces the wind-control costs of small and medium-sized financial institutions, thereby reducing risk coefficients.

风险系数越小，对于金融市场的良性发展也能起到更好的促进作用，也更能避免羊毛党薅羊毛、金融诈骗、不良高利贷横行等恶性事件的发生，因而区块链在规范金融市场上的可行性让人看好。

The smaller the risk coefficient, the better the development of financial markets and the better the risk of malignant events such as wool, financial fraud and bad mortgages, the better the viability of block chains in regulating financial markets.

金融市场水太深，区块链想扛大旗仍需努力

The financial market's too deep, so much work is needed to carry the flag.

理论上区块链可以扩展信息存储空间，并能去中心化实现信息共享，进而降低风控成本与风险，规范金融市场，但实际应用时会存有阻碍。

Theoretically, block chains can expand information storage space and decentralize information-sharing, thereby reducing wind-control costs and risks and regulating financial markets, but their practical application can be hampered.

首先，区块链发展时间尚短，其技术必然尚不成熟，实际应用中会出现诸多问题。就存储空间而言，应用已非常广泛且技术趋于成熟的云计算、大数据等在存储与算法上都已有很好的运用效果，而区块链尚在初步发展阶段，在利益、成本、实际效用的考量下，金融机构自然不会舍近求远，区块链只能逐步探索直到技术成熟。

First, the development of the block chain is short-lived, and the technology is necessarily immature, with many problems arising in its practical application. For storage space, the application of cloud computing, big data, etc., which is already very extensive and technologically mature, has been well used in storage and algorithms, while the block chain is still in its initial stages of development, and financial institutions will naturally not move further away from it in terms of benefits, costs, and practical utility, and the chain of blocks can only be explored gradually until it is technologically mature.

此外，信息不可篡改是区块链的一大特性，但是否真能无法篡改尚有待考究。之所以说信息不可篡改是因为区块链采用多节点对同一消息进行存储，单个点的篡改并不能改变其它节点的信息，而系统基于“少数服从多数”的原理来判别信息的真实度。换言之，若能将50%以上的节点信息同时篡改，那么“不可篡改”的特性便可能成为空谈，技术总是在不断进步的，在人性贪欲的作祟下，难以避免此种情况的出现。近日，有消息称苹果联合创始人史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克就被诈骗犯骗走了价值44万元的7个比特币。区块链是比特币的底层技术手段，既然区块链有不可篡改的特性，那么比特币又怎会被盗呢？被盗后能否找回？如何找回？其声称的数字加密标识又还是否可靠？这都引人深思。

In other words, if more than 50% of the node information can be tampered with at the same time, then the “non-alterable” character can be empty, and technology is always progressive and subject to human greed, it is difficult to avoid such a situation. In recent days, it has been reported that the Apple co-founder, Steve Wozniak, has been deceived by the fraudster by seven bitcoins with a value of 440,000 dollars.

其次，信息共享在金融机构间会涉及多方利益考量，在实际应用中若存在利益冲突也会致使落地难。一方面，现有技术皆是以中心化为主，各个环节的协调度几乎已最优化，而区块链强调的是去中心化，意味着将颠覆服务于中心化的各个环节，如何整合各个环节需要审慎考量。

Second, information-sharing involves multi-stakeholder considerations in financial inter-agency meetings, and conflicts of interest in practical applications can make it difficult. On the one hand, existing technologies are largely centralized, the coordination of the various links is almost optimized, while the block chain emphasizes decentralization, meaning that the services of subversion are central, and how to integrate them requires careful consideration.

另一方面，诸如蚂蚁金服、腾讯金融等大型金融机构皆已有完备的风控系统与技术手段，且也在开发区块链项目。据悉腾讯区块链已进入商业化场景探索，阿里也已将区块链技术应用在海淘商品溯源上。区块链日益成熟后会向saas级服务平台靠拢，形成平台竞争局势，届时去中心化的金融机构接入界面又该如何界定？

On the other hand, large financial institutions, such as ants in gold and tether finance, have well-established wind control systems and technical tools, and are also developing block-chain projects. It is known that the block chain has entered the commercialization scene, and Ali has applied block-chain technology to sea-grabbing commodity traceability.

综合看来，区块链这门后起的技术新秀，虽尚不及云计算、大数据等先辈技术的成熟性，实际落地上还存一定困难，未来的商业价值更待时间挖掘，但其应用前景还是深受看好的。

Taken together, the technological innovations behind the block chain, while not as mature as the technological advances of their ancestors, such as cloud computing and big data, have made it difficult to actually reach the ground, and the future commercial value is more time-consuming, but the prospects for their application are very promising.

区块链去中心化、信息共享的技术手段理论上可以降低金融风控成本与风险系数，巩固信用机制，对于整治金融乱象有极大的促进作用，也能促进金融市场的良性发展。就目前而言，从底层技术出发不断改进技术后，攻克落地阻碍，加深场景应用探索，跟上监管政策步伐，扎实的走好每一步，区块链将为金融行业带来诸多益处。

The technological means of centralizing block chains and sharing information theoretically reduce the cost and risk coefficients of financial wind control, consolidate credit mechanisms, and contribute significantly to the management of financial disruptions, as well as to the development of financial markets. For the time being, technologically and technologically, the bottom-down approach has hampered the development of the landscape, deepening the exploration of applications, keeping pace with regulatory policies, and making solid progress, and the chain will bring many benefits to the financial sector.

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