猫瘟强力科普贴（内含紧急治疗措施）

概览：猫瘟疫病毒（FPV）会感染所有猫科动物，甚至浣熊、狐狸与貂。猫瘟病毒存活力极强，环境中可以存活数月。常见洗涤、消毒产品对其无可奈何。

: Cat pestilence virus (FPV) infects all cats, even raccoons, foxes and minks. The cat plague is extremely dynamic and can survive in the environment for months.

感染：通过粪便→口腔途径传播。但是，间接传播是造成感染的最主要方式——病毒通过衣服、鞋子沾染来传播并不罕见。

Infection: Passively transmitted through faeces. However, indirect transmission is the most significant form of infection — the virus spreads through clothes, shoes.

症状：理论上任何年龄的猫都会被猫瘟影响，其中幼猫最甚，致死率近90%。症状包括：呕吐、腹泻、淋巴细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少，血小板减少与贫血紧随其后。

Symptoms : In theory, cats of any age are affected by cat plagues, of which cats have the highest mortality rate of nearly 90%. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhoea, reduction of lymphocytes, reduction of neutral particle cells, and reduction of blood platelets immediately behind anaemia.

诊断：血常规与猫瘟试纸是最常用的检测手段。少数实验室可以进行更精确的PCR检测，但这往往来不及。

Diagnostic : Blood convention and catpest test paper are the most commonly used means of detection. A few laboratories can do more accurate PCR tests, but this is often too late.

治疗：使用抗生素防止细菌乘虚而入，输液以遏制猫咪脱水，加上妥善照料是主要的治疗手段，即所谓支持疗法。猫瘟没有药到病除的神药。

therapeutic : use antibiotics to prevent bacteria from inflating, infusion to contain cat dehydration, plus proper care is the main cure, the so-called support therapy. Cats have no cure for their disease.

但凡养猫的人家，大多听说过猫瘟。猫瘟有许多叫法。其中，最具代表意义的名字是“猫泛白细胞减少症 ”（FelinePanleukopenia），Pan=整体、全部, Leuko=白细胞, Penia=缺乏，完美诠释了猫瘟的本质：它会让猫的所有白细胞大量减少甚至消失。而白细胞这一身体重要防线的丧失，会让幼猫本就不多的免疫力大打折扣。这对免疫系统尚不成熟的幼猫来说几乎等于死亡。

But most cats have heard of cats and cats. Cats and plagues have many ways to call them. Among them, the most significant name is FelinePanleukopenia , Pan = whole, Leuko = white cells, Penia = missing, which perfectly interprets the nature of cat and plague: all white cats cells to reduce or even disappear.

（白细胞是？白细胞是免疫系统的步兵，负责对抗外界入侵者（细菌、寄生虫等）。当白细胞过低，身体无兵可用，会面临各式外敌入侵。）

没有经过疫苗注射，或者疫苗注射时机不正确的小猫如果碰巧接触到病猫的粪便、尿液、呕吐物，或附着有病毒的任何物体（衣服鞋子厕所饭盆，任何东西）都有很大几率爆发猫瘟。猫瘟病毒存活力强悍，如果小猫的室友中有近六个月到一年内感染猫瘟又病愈的猫，那一样有危险。这时候的小猫需要更严密的隔离。（如果想让近期刚病愈的原住民与小猫安全生活在一个屋檐下，即便经过彻底消毒也很难保证100%。所以除了消毒，在合适年龄注射一针疫苗后过一周再接触是最妥帖的。猫舍和流浪猫救助尤其需要注意这一点。）

Without a vaccine, or an incorrect timing of the injection would require closer isolation. (It would be difficult to ensure 100% if the newly sick First Nations were to live safely in a room with them, even after complete disinfection. So, in addition to disinfection, the cat plague is active after a dose of a vaccine at an appropriate age A week later contact with a stray cat needs particular attention.

影响猫瘟爆发和死亡率的因素还有饮食与环境。肮脏、多猫的高压力环境和营养不良也决定猫是否爆发猫瘟，或是爆发后能否活命。一些老年、大龄猫爆发猫瘟（极端罕见），假如排除疫苗免疫技术性失败和一些慢性病影响抵抗力，大约是因为环境高压和严重营养不良。

The food and the environment are also the factors that affect the outbreak and mortality of cat plagues. Dirty, multicat high stress conditions and malnutrition also determine whether cats have a cat plague or whether they survive after it. Some old, older cats have a cat plague (extremely rare) if the technical failure of vaccine immunization and some chronic diseases affect resistance, about because of high environmental stress and severe malnutrition.

猫瘟可以造成刚出生的幼猫小脑发育异常。造成这种情况的原因有以下三种：

Cat plagues can cause an abnormal growth in newborn kittens. There are three reasons for this:

• 小猫在子宫里的时候母猫感染了猫瘟
• 小猫出生后短时间遭遇大量猫瘟病毒，感染猫瘟
• 给未满月小猫或怀孕母猫注射了弱毒/活毒疫苗（非妙三多几乎都在此列）

猫的怀孕至最后2-3周时感染猫瘟病毒，病毒将对快速发育中的胚胎产生不可逆影响。病毒会影响胚胎的小脑发育，而小脑负责的是身体运动控制。被影响的小猫运气好的不会畸形或流产。走路显得僵硬、机械，有时会震颤不止，更有的出生后失明。小猫会尽量适应这种状况，这病本身是无法治疗的，不会好转也不会恶化。小猫如果还做得到吃喝拉撒，可以快乐健康的过一辈子。在刚出生后3-4周感染猫瘟病毒，哪怕治愈，也有几率出现这种小脑发育问题。

Cats become pregnant until the last two to three weeks with the cat plague, which will have an irreversible effect on rapidly developing embryos. The virus affects the development of the embryo's little brain, which is responsible for physical exercise control. The affected kittens are lucky not to be deformed or aborted. Walking stiff, mechanical, sometimes tremors, and sometimes blindness after birth. Cats will try to adapt to this condition, which is untreatable in itself and will not improve or worsen.

来说说C，兽医一般不会给孕猫打活毒疫苗，这些疫苗中的病毒依旧具有活性，虽然不至让健康猫生病，却对腹中小猫或小于一个月的幼猫威胁巨大。疫苗中弱化的活性病毒可以让未满月的小猫出现小脑发育异常。

For example, C. Veterinary doctors generally do not give pregnant cats live poison vaccines, and the viruses in these vaccines are still active, and while not making healthy cats sick, they pose a great threat to small cats in the abdomen or to kittens less than a month old. A weakened active virus in the vaccine can cause minor brain growth abnormalities in little cats before the end of the month.

猫妈妈通过母乳给予小猫最基础的抗病毒保护（即MDA，母源抗体），这一保护的防护效力会持续到8-11周大，此后直到4个月大期间是一段危险的真空期。这期间猫妈妈给予抗体已经完全无法抵御病毒，却能干扰疫苗效力；即没法被疫苗保护，又没有猫妈妈给予的抗体，此时的小猫最容易感染猫瘟。

Mothers of cats provide their most basic antiviral protection through breast milk (i.e. MDA, mother-to-child antibodies), which lasts 8-11 weeks, followed by a dangerous vacuum period of four months. In this period, mothers of cats give antibodies that are no longer resistant to the virus, but can interfere with vaccine effectiveness; that is, they cannot be protected by vaccines and have no antibodies given by their mothers, when cats are the most vulnerable to cat plagues.

老年猫、大龄野猫不太出现猫瘟感染症状。随着年龄的增加猫瘟的危险性逐步降低，症状也越发不明显。极少有医生见到9-10岁高龄老猫爆发这类烈性传染病。（并非没有，存在极端案例）最需要害怕猫瘟的是未注射疫苗的幼猫。每年夏末秋初正好匹配前1-2个月的"奶猫潮"，这期间是猫瘟最多发的时节。

Older cats and wildcats do not show symptoms of cat-pest infection. As the risk of cat-pest is decreasing at an increasing age, the symptoms become less pronounced.

猫瘟病毒通过直接接触病猫体液粪便，或接触沾染病毒的物件来传播。

The catpest virus is transmitted through direct contact with pathogenic fluid excreta or contact with virus-contaminated objects.

猫瘟病毒的传播能力非常强劲；且不说病猫的大便里充斥着大量病毒，光是猫瘟病毒顽强的生存力已经让其他病毒相形见拙。猫瘟病毒可以在室外环境中持续生存好几个月，环境合适甚至可以达到1年以上。 除了生存时间，猫瘟病毒抗冷冻，对56摄氏度以上的高温可存活半小时，酒精、碘伏对猫瘟病毒毫无作用。

In addition to the time of survival, the virus is resistant to coldness, with half an hour of high temperatures above 56 degrees Celsius, alcohol, iodine voltage, and no effect on the virus.

这种生存力让猫瘟病毒近乎“无处不在”,哪天运气不好就会跟回家。你的衣服、鞋子，包括手都是可能的沾染对象。还好，猫瘟病毒并不会通过空气传播，通常也不会靠跳蚤蚊子这类吸血昆虫传播。

This survival makes the cat pestilence virus almost “all over the place” and comes home one day with bad luck. 最多是6周），这并不是所谓病毒携带者。像猫瘟这样造成全身性感染的细小病毒，一经痊愈基本不会再得*，病毒也不会在体内滞留太久。所以整体来看，长期“带毒”猫几乎算是不存在。至少，所谓猫瘟病毒携带猫不是造成猫瘟爆发的主要组成。

Some web-based sources claim that sick cats spread the virus for a long period of more than a year, even healthy cats carry poison, which is a mistake. Cats that have just escaped from the claws of the cat plague spread the virus for a while.

也不是说猫看起来健康就一定没有猫瘟。带毒猫固然不存在或者极少见，但是突发的无症状、短期感染并不罕见。上文也提到过随着猫年龄和抵抗力增长猫瘟危险度会下降，一些成年猫接触到猫瘟病毒，症状不明显，感染很快消褪自愈，他们不是所谓病毒携带者。

Nor does it mean that cats look healthy without catpests. Cats with poisons are non-existent or rare, but sudden insymptoms and short-term infections are not uncommon. It was also mentioned above that the risk of catpests decreases as cats age and resistance grow, that some adult cats are exposed to catpestic viruses, that the symptoms are not obvious, that the infection quickly fades, and that they are not so-called carriers of the virus.

所以结论是什么？刚病愈的猫确实会散播病毒，这时间最多持续六周，普遍是两周，可散播进环境中的病毒存活时间会长的多。猫瘟病毒携带猫非常少见，接近不存在，但是并不代表看起来健康的猫就没感染猫瘟病毒，短期无症状、轻微症状感染是存在的，这些猫大多不治自愈。

So what's the conclusion? The sick cats do spread the virus for a maximum of six weeks, usually two weeks

猫瘟病毒自古一路随着猫科动物进化至今，可以感染包括所有猫科甚至浣熊、狐狸。20世纪70年代，猫瘟病毒变异，开始能够感染狗，由此诞生了臭名昭著的犬细小病毒。*（特指CPV-2，CPV-1已经改叫犬微小病毒）

The cat pestilence virus has evolved from ancient times to present, and can be infected with all cats and even raccoons and foxes. In the 1970s, the cat plague mutated and began to infect dogs, giving birth to infamous canine microviruses.* (Specially CPV-2, CPV-1, renamed canine microvirus)

乍一看，猫瘟似乎和狗瘟成双成对，实则不然。猫瘟是一种细小病毒（Parvovirus）,和狗瘟完全没有关系。猫瘟是狗细小病毒（CPV-2）的祖宗，猫瘟病毒壳蛋白基因变异，变得能感染狗*，这一发现在1978年引起了轰动和恐慌，因为当时没有疫苗可以克制这种变异的病毒，只能眼睁睁的看着小狗死去。这时候，犬细小病毒还不能感染猫*，但是很快出现了变化。

At first glance, the cat plague seems to be in pairs with the dog plague, but it is not. The cat plague is a tiny virus (Parvovirus), totally unrelated to the dog plague. The cat plague is the father of the dog virus (CPV-2), and the protein gene of the cat plague shell has changed to infect the dog.* This discovery caused a sensation and panic in 1978, when there was no vaccine to restrain the mutation virus and only watched the dog die. At this point, the dog virus could not infect the cat, but quickly changed.*

随着犬细小病毒的继续变异，这种病毒再度获得了感染猫咪的能力。当今世界上流行的犬细小病毒有CPV-2a、2b、2c三大类型，这三种全部可以感染猫并导致疾病*。这类犬细小感染猫的事件还很少见。猫瘟疫苗能抵抗这三类犬细小病毒，但是相比传统猫瘟病毒7年以上甚至一辈子的有效免疫时间，对抗犬细小的保护时间似乎会更短一些，目前还没有可靠结论。

CPV-2a, 2b, 2c, three types of can all infect the cat and cause the disease

反过来呢，猫瘟可以感染狗吗？可以，但大概不会生病。猫瘟病毒会进入狗的胸腺等淋巴系统，不入侵内脏和消化道，更不会散播病毒。

Conversely, can a cat plague infect a dog? Yes, but probably not sick. The cat plague enters a lymph system like a dog's prostate, not to invasive the internal organs and digestive tracts, not to spread the virus.

人类对病毒的认知非常基础、粗糙，病毒在不断刷新科学家们的认知，猫瘟也是。

Human knowledge of the virus is very basic and crude, and the virus is constantly refreshing the knowledge of scientists, as is the cat plague.

根据一份2000年的报告*，突发急性心脏病暴毙的猫中，三分之一从心脏组织中分离出猫瘟病毒；猫瘟可能有比我们想象中更强的潜伏能力与更深层次的危险。

According to a 2000 report,* one third of cats with acute heart attacks separate from the heart tissue from the catpest virus; the catpest may have greater potential and deeper hazards than we thought.

猫瘟从对狗无害，到变异为致命的犬细小病毒的历史仅仅几十年，人们不禁好奇猫瘟病毒的变异能力尽头在何方，也许哪天可以感染人类？

The history of cat plagues, which ranged from being harmless to dogs to mutating into deadly canine microviruses, is only a few decades old, and one wonders where the transformational power of the catpest virus ends and, perhaps, when humans can be infected?

2008年，北京一处研究机构200余只猴子集体染病，其中一半在3-5天内迅速死亡*，猴子体内分离出的病毒与猫瘟病毒几乎一样。当这些病毒注射给20只猫后，这些猫全部表现出典型的猫瘟症状并集体死亡。从猫狗跳跃到我们人类的近亲灵长类生物，这是巨大的一步，我们只能祈祷这不是真的，或是单纯的偶然。

In 2008, more than 200 monkeys from a research institute in Beijing quickly died within three to five days* and the virus that separated from the monkeys was almost identical to the catpest virus. When these viruses were injected to 20 cats, all of them showed typical cat plague symptoms and collective deaths. From the cat and dog jumps to our near-family primates, this is a huge step, and we can only pray that it is not true, or simply by chance.

我该用什么洗手？

你的手可以沾染病毒，在接触过病猫、病狗及他们使用的物品后，使用最普通的肥皂洗手。务必保证仔细洗手达到20秒以上，有必要的话洗两遍，肥皂杀不死猫瘟病毒但是可以“冲”掉。

Your hands can be infected with the virus and wash their hands with the most common soap after contacting sick cats, sick dogs and the objects they use. Make sure you wash your hands carefully for more than 20 seconds, twice if necessary, soap can kill the cat plague but can “surge” off.

衣物等纺织品的清洁

木头、塑料、厕所的清洁

光滑台面、地面用什么消毒

问:酒精与碘类消毒剂可以杀灭猫瘟、犬细小病毒吗？

答:不可以，哪怕浓酒精都不行。

Answer: No, not even strong alcohol.

问：紫外线灯可以杀灭猫瘟、犬细小病毒吗？

紫外线对许多真菌、病毒有效果，但是不包括猫瘟与犬细小

Ultraviolet has effects on many fungi, viruses, but not cats and dogs.

问：臭氧可以杀灭猫瘟等细小病毒吗？

答：普通臭氧机做不到。需要使用极高浓度的水溶臭氧才可以。此浓度的臭氧已经具有危险的强氧化力，不合适家居消毒。

Answer: Normal ozone machines can't do this. You need to use a very high concentration of water soluble ozone. This concentration of ozone is already dangerously oxidizing and unsuitable for domestic disinfection.

最可靠的猫瘟预防：疫苗请一定要给你的猫打疫苗

在疫苗注射时有以下因素需要纳入考量：

首次疫苗注射流程1为什么要打那么多针？

Why so many shots in the first vaccination process 1?

对猫瘟有免疫力的母猫（感染过或打过疫苗）会通过初乳给予小猫基本的抗病毒能力（母源抗体），这一保护能持续几周时间。这种母源抗体会干扰疫苗的正常运作。因为个体差异，我们无法精确估算母源抗体的消失时间，所以会持续注射好几针以防万一，并不是因为这些注射各不相同。据估计，幼猫8-12周大时，疫苗可能会产生效果，所以一些指南会建议会从8周开始注射疫苗，每3-4周一针。

An immune female cat (infected or vaccinated) will provide a basic antiviral capability (Mother-source antibodies) to kittens through first milk for several weeks. This parent-based antibodies interfere with the proper functioning of the vaccine . Because of individual differences, we cannot accurately estimate the time of the disappearance of the mother-source antibodies, so several injections will continue, not because these injections are different. It is estimated that at 8-12 weeks of age, vaccines may be effective, so some guidelines will recommend vaccinations starting from 8 weeks, one shot every 3-4 weeks.

猫接受到何种强度的母源抗体各不相同，有的猫获得了较强的母源抗体，这些猫体内的母源抗体会持续干扰疫苗直到16周大。这样说来，并没有什么疫苗注射方案是万全的，欧洲猫科疾病咨询委员会建议：

Cats accept different levels of parent-based antibodies, some of which acquire stronger parent-based antibodies, and the mother-to-child antibodies in these cats continue to interfere with the vaccine until 16 weeks of age. There is no universal vaccination programme, as suggested by the European Cat Disease Advisory Committee:

• 所有的幼猫都应该打猫三联，其中包括猫瘟
• 疫苗第一针最早于8-9周大注射，第二针要至少等到12周大（三个月）再注射。
• 怀疑母源抗体效力很弱（母猫未感染猫瘟也没有打过疫苗）在没有条件使用猫瘟免疫球蛋白的前提下，应该考虑提前注射疫苗。幼猫小于4周的话，只可以注射灭活疫苗（妙三多），每3-4周注射一针直到3个月大。
• 有时母源抗体非常强劲，在小猫三个月大后还是可以干扰疫苗；所以4个月到5个月大之间应该考虑再次疫苗接种；对于猫舍、流浪猫救助处来说尤其需要贯彻这点。幼猫从低风险环境转移到高风险（多猫）环境时，也应该注意4-5个月间是否打了疫苗。
• 不知是否打过疫苗的成年猫只需要打一针疫苗，次年再打一针即可。

加强针？

所有的猫在第一年免疫流程结束后，应该隔12个月再注射一针强化针；这一针的目的是预防第一年免疫没成功。

犬细小与猫

紧急预防：抑制蛋白与奥司他韦

第一次接触 Day 1

Day 1

猫咪不会有任何反应，病毒经由口部和鼻子进入猫的淋巴系统。

The cat has no reaction and the virus enters the cat's lymph system through the mouth and nose.

潜伏期 Day 2-7

Day 2-7

猫瘟潜伏期大约是自接触后2-7（也有一说2-9）天，期间病毒侵入骨髓和肠道；小猫看似正常，但正散播病毒。使用猫瘟试纸验粪很大可能显示阳性。

The catpest lurch is approximately 2-7 (and also 2-9) days after exposure, during which the virus enters bone marrow and intestinal tracts; the kittens seem normal but are spreading the virus. The use of cat poo test paper is likely to be positive.

病毒爆发第一天

病毒爆发第二天

病毒爆发第三天

有几率不经历没有呕吐，也没有腹泻和脱水就暴毙。如果没有出现暴毙，小猫会出现高烧（40摄氏度左右）

At this watershed, a low-age cat could be killed in the third or fourth day, or even without vomiting, without diarrhoea or dehydration. If not, the kittens would be burned up (about 40 degrees Celsius)

病毒爆发第三天后

高烧也许会开始下降，转为低烧甚至正常体温，一定出现呕吐呕吐，严重时开始出现水状或带血的恶臭粪便；脱水及贫血紧随其后。

High fever may begin to decline to low fever or even normal body temperature, vomiting, , `water or bloody stinking excrement, dehydration and anaemia followed.

爆发猫瘟的小猫必然出现的症状是不吃不喝，其次是大几率出现高频呕吐。

Inevitably, cats with a cat outbreak have symptoms of non-drinking, followed by high-frequency vomiting.

呕吐出现后第四到五天另一个分水岭。就个人经验讲，出现呕吐后5天还能挺过去，那基本不会死亡

There's another watershed between four and five days after vomiting. Personally, five days after vomiting, it's barely gonna die.

自己怎么判断

名称 缩写 状态

name initial state

白细胞 WBC 下降 （L/ LOW）

White cell WBC drop (L/LOW)

中性粒细胞 GRAN或NEU 下降

neutral particle cells GRAN or NEU drop

淋巴细胞 LYM或LYMPH 下降

血小板 PLT 下降红

PLT drops red

细胞比容 PCV或HCT 下降

cellular ratio PCV or HCT drop

TIPS：以上这些指标的下降也许在第一次血检时没有出现，随着病程发展会慢慢出现，或者因为治疗得力没有发现。但有一点是不会变的，白细胞WBC指标必然会下降；如果你的猫发烧呕吐不吃饭，却有着高于正常值的白细胞指标，那么猫瘟可能性较低（我可没说不可能哦，可能第二天就骤降）。这时候就要参考之前疫苗注射历史和猫咪状态来判断了。

TIPS: The decline in these indicators may not have occurred at the time of the first blood test, as the path progresses slowly, or because the treatment is not known. But one thing remains constant,