由BIM转向CIM与区块链技术方法分析

区块链技术在传统建筑行业的引入将有助于建筑行业更高效、更智能、更安全、更环保，有助于优化和改善现有的建筑业务模式和服务方法。分析BIM对建筑业的影响，以区域链技术为导向，介绍了与其BIM、CIM的结合方法。

The introduction of block chain technology in the traditional construction industry will help the construction industry to be more efficient, intelligent, safer and environmentally friendly, and to optimize and improve existing construction business models and service methods. Analysis of the BIM impact on the construction industry, guided by regional chain technology, describes how it is integrated with its BIM, CIM.

一、基本概念

I. BASIC CONCEPTS

1.1 BIM的概念

1.1 BIM Concept

BIM是一个完备的三维空间及多维信息模型，可以将全生命周期不同阶段的建设项目的工程信息、施工流程等资源整合到一个模型中，方便各项目参与者使用。

BIM is a complete three-dimensional space and multi-dimensional information model that integrates the engineering information, construction processes and other resources of construction projects at different stages throughout their life cycle into a model that is easily accessible to project participants.

1.2 CIM的概念

1.2 The concept of CIM

城市规划，设计和管理过程中的智能决策在对城市实体信息的细化、可视化、动态和整合的影响。这是城市数字描述和表达的技术描述，即CIM（城市信息模型）。CIM是一种数字描述和各种物理指标及其在城市和地下，室内和室外的时空状态。

Urban planning, the impact of smart decision-making in design and management processes on the fine-tuning, visualization, dynamics and integration of city physical information. This is the technical description of urban numerical descriptions and expressions, i.e., the CIM (city information model). The CIM is a digital description and a variety of physical indicators and their spatial and temporal state in cities and underground, indoors and outdoors.

1.3 区块链的概念

1.3 The concept of block chains

区块链是基于P2P网络技术，数学，密码学和时间戳技术的电子现金系统的架构概念，其是基于通过互联网技术产生的人和人之间互信的概念。

The block chain is based on the concept of an electronic cash system architecture based on P2P network technology, mathematics, cryptography and time stamp technology, based on the concept of trust between people and people generated through Internet technology.

二、BIM对于建筑业的影响

II. BIM Impact on Construction

2.1 BIM技术对传统建筑业的地位

2.1 BIM Technology Status of Traditional Construction

随着建筑业信息技术的快速发展，建筑企业应更加注重信息、知识和技术，通过优化生产资源和要素的分配，使生产方法更加高效和密集。而随着BIM技术的普及和应用，建筑业的增长方式将转向知识型的生产、传播和应用。

With the rapid development of information technology in the construction industry, construction enterprises should focus more on information, knowledge and technology, making production methods more efficient and intensive by optimizing the distribution of production resources and factors, and with the diffusion and application of BIM technology, the growth of the construction industry will shift to knowledge-based production, dissemination and applications.

2.2 BIM技术优化建筑项目各流程

2.2 BIM Technology optimizes construction project processes

BIM技术的产业化应用对经济、社会和环境都有很大的影响。斯坦福大学综合设施工程中心（CIFE）分析了使用BIM的32个项目的研究，并得出结论，BIM将使用在建筑行业并会产生以下影响：

The industrial use of BIM technology has significant economic, social, and environmental implications. The Stanford University Integrated Facilities Engineering Centre (CIFE) analysed research on 32 projects using BIM and concluded that BIM will be used in the construction industry and will have the following effects:

（1）消除40%的预算外变化；

(1) Elimination of 40 per cent of extrabudgetary changes;

（2）成本估算控制精度在3%以内；?

(ii) within 3 per cent of the estimated cost control accuracy?

（3）降低成本的预计时间减少了80%；

(3) An 80 per cent reduction in the estimated time for cost reduction;

（4）通过识别和解决冲突，将合同价格降低10%；

(4) Reduction of contract prices by 10 per cent through identification and conflict resolution;

（5）项目期限缩短7%, 投资回报提前实现。BIM技术在建筑行业的应用与发展，不仅节约了资源, 提高了生产率，还促进了产业升级，提高了建筑业的经济效益。

(5) The duration of the project is reduced by 7% and the return on investment is realized ahead of schedule. BIM technology applications and development in the construction industry have not only saved resources, increased productivity, promoted industrial upgrading and increased economic efficiency in the construction industry.

2.3 BIM技术是推动建筑业绿色建筑快速发展的重要手段

2.3 BIM technology is an important vehicle for the rapid development of green buildings in the construction industry

绿色建筑的目标是节省土地、能源、水、材料，资本，并确保低碳排放，而BIM正是实现这一目标的一种有效的手段。BIM是良好的建筑信息载体。使用这种载体，可以整合各种建筑材料设备、资源和系统等各种信息，集中管理，以实现所有信息的完整性、准确性、可控性和一致性，最终可控制成本，保证质量和效率。

The goal of green architecture is to save land, energy, water, materials, capital and ensure low-carbon emissions, and BIM is an effective means to achieve this. BIM is a good building information carrier. Using this vehicle, a variety of information, such as building materials equipment, resources and systems, can be integrated and managed centrally to achieve the integrity, accuracy, control and consistency of all information, ultimately controlling costs, quality and efficiency.

?2.4 由建筑信息模型（BIM）转向智慧城市 CIM）

♪ 2.4 From Building Information Model (BIM) to Smart City CIM

CIM在城市规划、土地资源管理、综合管廊管控、交通治理等领域承担着越来越重要的角色，技术人员和一些学者开始关注如何发展城市建模技术，以更好地对城市进行数字化描述和表达。

CIM has assumed an increasingly important role in the areas of urban planning, land resource management, integrated corridor management and transport governance, and technicians and some scholars have begun to focus on developing urban modelling techniques to better digitize and express cities.

三、区块链技术如何结合BIM

III. How to integrate block chain technology with BIM

根据NBS的调查，目前Level 2 BIM在英国的应用己经有了很大的进步，因此英国政府开始开展Level 3 BIM的工作。Level 3 BIM的核心是强调所有的建筑参与者在一个统一的、共享的模型进行工作，以促进更深的合作，但是会面临很多问题，如合同纠纷、知识产权、安全性等，区块链技术可能是打开Level 3 BIM的钥匙之一。

According to NBS, the current application of Level 2 BIM in the UK has improved considerably, so the British government has started work on Level 3 BIM. The core of Level 3 BIM is to emphasize that all building participants work in a unified, shared model to promote deeper cooperation, but there are many problems, such as contractual disputes, intellectual property rights, security, etc., where block chain technology may be one of the keys to opening up Level 3 BIM.

3.1 记录不可更

3.1 The record cannot be improved

根据Level 3 BIM的要求，BIM模型需要分享，不可避免地会面临模型之前的记录被删除或被恶意篡改的风险。运用区块链技术，使得拥有者和后来者都无法删除或篡改曾经做过的任何记录。同时，由于区块链技术记录了整个项目从无到有的过程，也使得项目更加透明，避免了合同纠纷等问题。

The BIM model needs to be shared, as required by Level 3 BIM, and inevitably faces the risk of pre-model records being deleted or tampered with maliciously. The use of block chain technology makes it impossible for owners and later owners to delete or tamper with any record they have ever made.

3.2 模型、数字构件的拥有权和知识产权的证明

3.2 Evidence of ownership of models, digital components and intellectual property rights

模型和数字构件一旦共享给其他不同专业和不同公司之中，也会产生拥有权和知识产权的问题。使用区块链技术，可以给每个构件和模型赋予一个地址（如比特币的地址）并记录在区块链上。如某个暖通设计师建立了一个空气处理器的族，并赋予其区块链中一个特定地址。后来者只能看到该族，但无法修改和占有该族。后来者需要使用该族，就必须向拥有者申请。

Models and digital components, when shared with different professions and companies, also pose problems of ownership and intellectual property rights. Using block chain technology, each component and model can be given an address (e.g., the address of Bitcoin) and recorded on the block chain. If a heating designer establishes a family of air processors and gives a specific address in the block chain.

3.3 将模型与实物链接

3.3 Link the model to the physical

在施工过程中，区块链技术可以将BIM中的构件与实物进行链接。实物在工厂生产过程中添加一个可以连接互联网的微芯片，并且与已存在区块链的BIM相通。这样一方面记录实物的位置，同时也将实物的数量和BIM对应了，提高了施工的供应链管理。过去虽然也使用WSN（天线传感器网络）技术用来记录实物，但是由于WSN技术是非去中心化的，所以面临安全的问题。相反，区块链技术可以解决。

In the course of construction, block chain technology can link the components in BIM to the physical. In the course of factory production, a microchip that can connect to the Internet is added and is connected to BIM, which already exists. On the one hand, the physical location is recorded, and the physical quantity is matched to BIM, which improves the supply chain management of construction. While WSN (the antenna sensor network) technology was used in the past to record the physical, it faced safety problems due to the fact that the WSN technology was non-centralized. On the other hand, the block chain technology could be solved.

3.4 去中心化的公共数据环境 CDE）

3.4 Decentralised public data environment CED)

公共数据环境是英国定义中央数据存储库，内容包括建设项目所有文档，非几何资产和BIM模型，旨在增加项目成员之间的协作，减少错误和避免重复。但是CDE有个致命问题：安全，尤其是涉及到涉密或敏感项目。或许区块链技术的去中心化和加密机制能有效解决这个问题。

The public data environment is the UK-defined central data repository, which includes building all documents of the project, non-geometric assets and BIM models, designed to increase collaboration among project members, reduce errors and avoid duplication. But the CDE has a fatal problem: security, especially in relation to classified or sensitive items. Perhaps the decentralization and encryption mechanisms of block chain technology can effectively address this problem.

四、区块链技术+CIM的运用

IV. Use of block chain technology + CIM

4.1 应用方向

4.1 Orientation of application

区块链+CIM中，区块链分为以下4方面应用?

In block chains + CIM, the block chains are divided into the following four areas for application?

（1）记录价值的交换；

(1) Exchange of values recorded;

（2）监管智能合约；

(2) Regulation of intellectual contracts;

（3）去中心化性；

(3) Decentralization;

（4）确认数据的存在。

(4) Confirmation of the existence of data.

4.2发展设想

4.2 Development vision

4.2.1 智能合约

4.2.1 Smart contracts

一个智能合约是一套以数字形式定义的承诺，包括合约参与方可以在上面执行这些承诺的协议。数字形式意味着合约不得不写入计算机可读的代码中。这是必须的，因为只要参与方达成协定，智能合约建立的权利和义务，是由一台计算机或者计算机网络执行的。将BIM与区块链技术结合也可促进智能合约的使用，这是一种旨在执行项目条款的计算机化交易协议，取代了对于第三方“中间人”的相互信任。

A smart contract is a set of commitments defined in digital form, including agreements in which participants can implement them. Digital form means that the contract has to be written into a computer readable code. That is necessary, because the rights and obligations created by an intelligent contract are executed by a computer or computer network as long as the participants reach an agreement. The use of smart contracts can also be facilitated by combining BIM with block chain technology, a computerized transaction agreement designed to implement the terms of the project, which replaces mutual trust with third-party “mediaters”.

4.2.2 DAO （去中心化的匿名组织）

4.2.2 DAO (a decentralised anonymous organization)

一系列的智能合约可以用于创建一个DAO，这个组织遵循着基于智能合约编译成计算机程序的规则而运行。在建筑内可以安装的测量设备传感器，其通过物联网?IOT）与区块链相连，则该建筑在工程开始、建造和使用阶段都可以被设置成为和视作一个DAO。

A series of smart contracts can be used to create a DAO, an organization that follows rules based on an intelligent contract to translate into a computer program.

4.2.3 身份的验证授权

4.2.3 Authorization to authenticate identity

电子ID的创建使得人们可共享经过权威机构验证的相关信息。供应商的身份可在区块链上被安全地记录，同时这些信息可用于工作和合同中信誉的建立。这个身份和信誉系统可使并不互相了解和信任的人们发生商业联系。

The creation of an electronic ID allows people to share relevant information that has been validated by an authoritative authority. The identity of the supplier can be safely recorded on the block chain, and this information can be used to build credibility in work and contracts.

五、区块链技术+CIM技术应用实例

Examples of block chain technology + CIM technology applications

在河北雄安新区规划纲要中，有提到“推动信息安全技术研发应用，发展规模化自主可控的网络空间安全产业。超前布局区块链、太赫兹、认知计算等技术研发及试验”。在雄安新区全球推介活动上，又提出雄安将拥有功能强大的“城市大脑”，运用大数据、云计算、区块链、人工智能等新技术，规划建设雄安智能城市大脑的看法。未来雄安将在数字城市中模拟仿真，在现实城市中优化运行，真正实现城市智能治理和公共资源智能化配置。雄安新区也设立区块链资金管理平台，"数字雄安”建设要聚焦大数据重点应用领域，抓紧建立雄安公民个人数据账户系统、雄安房屋租赁大数据管理系统，搭建雄安新区区块链及数字诚信应用平台，设立"数字雄安”可视化展示中心等，智汇云就曾参与透明雄安数字化平台建设。未来，随着雄安新区为试点，将会有越来越多的城市开展“CIM”工程。

In the framework of the plan for the new zone in Hebei, there is a reference to “promoting the application of information security technology and developing an autonomous and manageable cyberspace security industry.” Research and development and testing of technologies such as superstructured block chains, Tehez, cognitive computing, etc. In the context of the global promotion of the new zone, it is proposed that Yuan will have a powerful “city brain” using new technologies such as big data, cloud computing, block chains, artificial intelligence, etc., to plan for the construction of the brain of a new and intelligent city. In the future, Yuan will simulate truth in a digital city, optimize its functioning in a real city, and truly achieve smart urban governance and intelligent allocation of public resources.

?